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38                                                          Chapter 1  Introduction

                                  NEW TERMS AND SYMBOLS

            allowable stress design                  load factor, Y
            brittle fracture                         load factor design
            component testing                        low-cycle fatigue
            creep                                    modulus of elasticity, E
            deformation                              percent elongation, 100ε f
            ductile fracture                         plastic deformation
            durability; durability testing           prototype
            elastic deformation                      safety factor, X
            environmental cracking                   simulated service testing
            fatigue                                  static loading
            fatigue crack growth                     synergistic effect
            fracture                                 synthesis
            fracture mechanics                       thermal fatigue
            fracture toughness, K Ic                 ultimate tensile strength, σ u
            high-cycle fatigue                       yield strength, σ o


                                            REFERENCES
            AASHTO. 2010. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 5th ed., Am. Assoc. of State Highway and
              Transportation Officials, Washington, DC.
            AISC. 2006. Steel Construction Manual, 13th ed., Am. Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago, IL.
            HERRING, S. D. 1989. From the Titanic to the Challenger: An Annotated Bibliography on Technological
              Failures of the Twentieth Century, Garland Publishing, Inc., New York.
            MILNE, I. 1994. “The Importance of the Management of Structural Integrity,” Engineering Failure Analysis,
              vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 171–181.
            REED,R.P., J. H. SMITH,and B. W. CHRIST. 1983. “The Economic Effects of Fracture in the United States:
              Part 1,” Special Pub. No. 647-1, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Government
              Printing Office, Washington, DC.
            SCHMIDT,L.C., andG.E. DIETER. 2009. Engineering Design: A Materials and Processing Approach,
              4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
            WHYTE, R. R., ed. 1975. Engineering Progress Through Trouble, The Institution of Mechanical Engineers,
              London.
            WULPI, D. J. 1999. Understanding How Components Fail, 2d ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH.


            PROBLEMS AND QUESTIONS

            Section 1.2
            1.1  Classify each of the following failures by identifying its category in Fig. 1.1, and explain the
                 reasons for each choice in one or two sentences:
                   (a) The plastic frames on eyeglasses gradually spread and become loose.
                   (b) A glass bowl with a small crack breaks into two pieces when it is immersed, while still
                      hot, into cold water.
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