Page 40 - CULTURE IN THE COMMUNICATION AGE

CULTURE OF THE MIND

Triad III: Primordial sentiments in social organization of culture

7 Language: Cultural belonging and identity through interpersonal and mass
communication.
8 Traditions and customs: Traditions develop belonging in social side of
procedural culture; customs as social manners.
9 Ethnicity: Extended family-community.
10 Region (Territory): Attachment to style of life and locus of homeland.
11 Religion: Ideal form of human relations and governing moral sentiment.
12 Race: Attachment and identity based on physical differences.

Notes

1 Throughout this chapter, and specifically in this section, I rely on Barbara
Ehrenreich’s Blood Rights (1997) as the chief source for the predator–prey paradigm,
and on Steven Mithen’s The Prehistory of the Mind (1996) for the evolution of human
culture.
2 George Lakoff’s Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things (1987) is the original source for
the analysis of anger in American and other Western societies.
3 The first publication of the cultural trilogy was an intercultural application of the
paradigm to the Persian Gulf crisis (Stewart 1991). A second critical application was
made to the cultural change in American society beginning in the 1960s (Stewart
1998). A third application of the trilogy is towards peace-building, using Germany as
a case study (Emminghaus, Kimmel, and Stewart 1998).
4 Since his original publications on basic emotions, Paul Ekman has modified his
position that each basic emotion, such as anger, stands for a discrete a ffective state.
Ekman has replaced affective singularity with a family of related states. More-
over, Ekman has identified more than one universal expression for each basic
emotion (Wierzbicka 1994: 143).

References
Blake, W. (1982). The Complete Prose and Poetry of William Blake. New York: Anchor
Books: ‘The Tiger’.
Brown, D. E. (1991). Human Universals. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Bruner, J. (1996). The Culture of Education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Cole, M. (1996). Cultural Psychology. Cambridge, MA: Belknap/Harvard University
Press.
Darwin, C. (1872/1998). The Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Ehrenreich, B. (1997). Blood Rites. New York: Henry Holt.
Ekman, P., Friesen, W., and Ellsworth, P. (1972). Emotion in the Human Face. New York:
Pergamon Press.
Emminghaus, P., Kimmel, R., and Stewart, E. C. (1998). ‘Primal violence: Illuminating
culture’s dark side’. In E. Weiner (ed.), The Handbook of Interethnic Coexistence. New
York: Continuum.
Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures. London: Hutchinson. New York: Basic
Books.

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