Page 252 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

238 R.K. Rosenbaum et al.

Outdoor
emissions to Emissions
air, water and to indoor air
soil

Environmental fate Indoor air
(transformation and distribution between home or
environmental compartments) workplace

Human exposure
Agricultural
Air Meat
produce
Drinking Milk Fish
water

Toxic effects

Cancer diseases Non cancer diseases

Damage to human
health

Fig. 10.20 General scheme of the impact pathway for human toxicity [adapted from EC-JRC
(2011)]

chemical (toxic effect model) and finally their damage to the health of the overall
population. In the characterisation modelling, the links of this cause–effect chain are
expressed, similarly to Eq. 10.6, as factors corresponding to the successive steps of
fate, exposure, effects and severity:

CF hh ¼ FF XF hh EF hh SF hh ð10:9Þ
where CF hh is the human health characterisation factor, FF the fate factor, XF hh the
human exposure factor, EF hh the human toxicity effect factor (midpoint effects) and
SF hh the human health severity factor (endpoint effects). Some LCIA methods also
directly combine EF hh and SF hh into a single damage factor, directly calculating an