Page 136 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition
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Biological Approach for Removal of Pharmaceutical Pollutants
Life Cycle Assessment of Wastewater Treatment
7 A Biological Approach
for the Removal of
Pharmaceutical Pollutants
from Wastewater
Ponnusamy Senthil Kumar and
Anbalagan Saravanan
CONTENTS
7.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 118
7.2 General and Administrative Necessities .......................................................120
7.3 Environmental Risks of Pharmaceutical Products ....................................... 121
7.3.1 Bioaccumulation ............................................................................... 121
7.3.1.1 Factors Determining the Bioaccumulation of
Pharmaceuticals .................................................................122
7.3.2 Persistence ........................................................................................122
7.3.3 Toxicity .............................................................................................122
7.4 Pathway For Pharmaceutical Items Going Into The Groundwater ..............123
7.4.1 Landfill .............................................................................................123
7.4.2 Septic Systems ..................................................................................124
7.4.3 Veterinary Drugs ..............................................................................124
7.4.4 Rivers and Lakes ..............................................................................124
7.4.5 Pharmaceutical Process Wastewater ................................................125
7.4.6 Hospital Process Wastewater ............................................................126
7.5 Treatment Technologies ................................................................................127
7.5.1 Water Treatment Plants .....................................................................127
7.5.2 Treatment Methodologies For Pharmaceutical
Industry Wastewater .........................................................................127
7.5.2.1 Biological Treatment ..........................................................129
7.5.2.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes .......................................... 132
7.5.2.3 Hybrid Technologies .......................................................... 132
7.5.3 Treatment Methodologies for Hospital Effluents .............................. 132
7.5.3.1 Managing Hospital Water and Wastewater ........................ 133
7.6 Future Research Needs ................................................................................. 133
7.7 Conclusion ....................................................................................................134
References .............................................................................................................. 135
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