Page 138 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

Biological Approach for Removal of Pharmaceutical Pollutants 119

TABLE 7.1
Classifications of Pharmaceutical Products

Pharmaceutical
S. No Products Functions/Uses Compounds and their Molecular Formulae
1 Antibiotics Kill bacteria Ampicillin C 16 H 19 N 3 O 4 S, Amoxicillin
C 16 H 19 N 3 O 5 S, Chloramphenicol
C 11 H 12 Cl 2 N 2 O 5 , Clarithromycin C 38 H 69 NO 13 ,
Sarafloxacin C 20 H 17 F 2 N 3 O 3 , Erythromycin
C 37 H 67 NO 13 , Sulfapyridine C 11 H 11 N 3 O 2 S,
Sulfamethoxazole C 10 H 11 N 3 O 3 S, Tetracycline
C 22 H 24 N 2 O 8
2 Anesthetics Abdominal surgery Lignocaine C 14 H 22 N 2 O, Isoflurane C 3 H 2 ClF 5 O,
vasoconstrictors (primarily adrenaline)
3 Antiepileptic Treatment of epileptic Carbamazepine C 15 H 12 N 2 O, Primidone
seizures C 12 H 14 N 2 O 2
4 Antineoplastics Kill neoplastic cells Epirubicin C 27 H 29 NO 11 , Ifosfamide
C 7 H 15 C l2 N 2 O 2 P, Methotrexate C 20 H 22 N 8 O 5
5 Antiserum Treat envenomation Agglutinins
6 Blood lipid Regulation of Clofibrate C 12 H 15 ClO 3 , Gemfibrozil C 15 H 22 O 3
regulators triglycerides and
cholesterol in blood
7 Hormones Influence digestion, Mestranol C 21 H 26 O 2 , Estradiol C 18 H 24 O 2 ,
control sexual Testosterone C 19 H 28 O 2 , Androstenedione
development C 19 H 26 O 2
8 Paracetamol Pain reliever and fever Acetaminophen C 8 H 9 NO 2
reducer
9 Penicillins and Kill bacteria, treat skin 6-aminopenicillanic acid with a side chain
C 16 H 18 N 2 NaO 4 S + infections, dental attached to the 6-amino group
infections and ear
infections
10 Sulfonamides Treat ulcerative colitis Benzenesulfonamide C 6 H 7 NO 2 S,
Methanesulfonamide CH 5 NO 2 S
11 Enrofloxacin Treat animals afflicted Enrofloxacin C 19 H 22 FN 3 O 3
(veterinary with certain bacterial
medicaments) infections
12 β-Blockers Treat hypertension Metoprolol C 15 H 25 NO 3 , Propranolol C 16 H 21 NO 2 ,
Nadolol C 17 H 27 NO 4 , Pindolol C 14 H 20 N 2 O 2 ,
Acebutolol C 18 H 29 ClN 2 O 4

pollutants, since their transformation and removal rates can be compensated by
their continuous input into the environment. A few compound classes will be
highlighted, either because the concentrations found in water are high, because
of their (increasingly) high-volume use, or because of the persistence of these
compounds. Surface spill-over and direct use in aquaculture can cause the pol-
lution of marine environments (Huerta et al., 2013). Pharmaceutical compounds