Page 240 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

Technologies for Treatment of Heavy Metal–Contaminated Groundwater
Life Cycle Assessment of Wastewater Treatment

11 Technologies for the

Treatment of Heavy

Metal–Contaminated

Groundwater

Ponnusamy Senthil Kumar and
Anbalagan Saravanan

CONTENTS
11.1 Introduction .................................................................................................222
11.2 Heavy Metals: Sources and Effect in the Environment ..............................222
11.3 Heavy Metal Toxicity .................................................................................223
11.3.1 Heavy Metal Toxicity in Soil ..........................................................225
11.3.2 Heavy Metal Toxicity in Plants .......................................................226
11.3.3 Heavy Metal Toxicity in Aquatic Environment ..............................227
11.3.4 Heavy Metal Toxicity in Humans ...................................................228
11.4 Steps for Analyzing Heavy Metals in Wastewater Samples ........................229
11.5 Treatment Methodologies ...........................................................................229
11.5.1 Chemical Precipitation ....................................................................230
11.5.2 Ion Exchange ..................................................................................233
11.5.3 Adsorption .......................................................................................234
11.5.3.1 Physical Adsorption .........................................................235
11.5.3.2 Chemical Adsorption .......................................................235
11.5.3.3 Low-Cost Adsorbents ......................................................235
11.5.4 Membrane Filtration .......................................................................236
11.5.4.1 Ultra-Filtration .................................................................236
11.5.4.2 Nanofiltration ...................................................................237
11.5.4.3 Reverse Osmosis ..............................................................237
11.5.5 Coagulation .....................................................................................237
11.5.6 Electrochemical Treatment .............................................................237
11.5.6.1 Electro-Coagulation .........................................................237
11.5.6.2 Electro-Flotation .............................................................238
11.5.6.3 Electro-Dialysis ...............................................................239
11.5.7 Electro-Winning ..............................................................................239
11.5.8 Cementation ....................................................................................239
11.6 Conclusion ..................................................................................................240
References ..............................................................................................................240

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