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1 - INTRODUCTION

The following list includes examples of operational stakeholders (depending upon the business):

• Plant operators,
• Manufacturing line supervisors,
• Help desk staff,

• Production system support analysts,
• Customer service representative,

• Salespersons,
• Maintenance workers,

• Telephone sales personnel,
• Call center personnel,
• Retail workers,

• Line managers, and
• Training officers.

1.5.2 organizations and Project Management

Organizations use governance to establish strategic direction and performance parameters. The strategic
direction provides the purpose, expectations, goals, and actions necessary to guide business pursuit and is aligned
with business objectives. Project management activities should be aligned with top-level business direction, and
if there is a change, then project objectives need to be realigned. In a project environment, changes to project
objectives affect project efficiency and success. When the business alignment for a project is constant, the chance
for project success greatly increases because the project remains aligned with the strategic direction of the
organization. Should something change, projects should change accordingly.

1.5.2.1 Project-Based organizations

Project-based organizations (PBOs) refer to various organizational forms that create temporary systems
for carrying out their work. PBOs can be created by different types of organizations (i.e., functional, matrix, or
projectized (see 2.1.3)). The use of PBOs may diminish the hierarchy and bureaucracy inside the organizations as
the success of the work is measured by the final result rather than by position or politics.

PBOs conduct the majority of their work as projects and/or provide project rather than functional approaches. PBOs
can refer to either entire firms (as in telecommunications, oil and gas, construction, consultancy, and professional
services) multi-firm consortia, or networks; it is also possible that some large project-based organizations have
functional support areas or that the PBO is nested within subsidiaries or divisions of larger corporations.

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