Page 14 - Hybrid Enhanced Oil Recovery Using Smart Waterflooding

6 Hybrid Enhanced Oil Recovery using Smart Waterflooding

1% Brine
0.60
2% Brine 1% Brine (180.1ºF)
(175.2ºF) (ambient)
2% Brine
0.50 (ambient)
4% Brine
Produced oil (total PV) 0.30
(ambient)
0.40

0.20
Brine
breakthrough
0.10

0.00
0 2 10 20 30 34 40
Pore volume
FIG. 1.6 Effects of temperature and salinity on oil production during low-salinity waterflood. (Credit: From
Agbalaka, C. C., Dandekar, A. Y., Patil, S. L., Khataniar, S., & Hemsath, J. R. (2008). Coreflooding studies to
evaluate the impact of salinity and wettability on oil recovery efficiency. Transport in Porous Media, 76,77e94.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-008-9235-7.)

FT-BP-LOSOR-3: metal ions (Ca, Mg) vs. pore volume

1000.000
Analysed Ca
Analysed Mg
EB Ca (theo = 402ppm]
EB Mg (theo = 49ppm)
LoSal Ca (theo = 14ppm)
Core shut in LoSal Mg (theo = 1.7ppm)
Ion concentration (ppm) 10.000
100.000

1.000
0.0000 10.0000 20.0000 30.0000 40.0000 50.0000 60.0000 70.0000
Pore volume injected
FIG. 1.7 History of concentrations of Ca 2þ and Mg 2þ in invading and effluent brines. (Credit: From Lager, A.,
Webb, K. J., Black, C. J. J., Singleton, M., & Sorbie, K. S. 2008a. Low salinity oil recovery e an experimental
investigation1. Petrophysics, 49(1), 28e38. https://doi.org/10.2118/93903-MS.)