Page 46 - Acquisition and Processing of Marine Seismic Data

CHAPTER

2

Marine Seismic Data Acquisition

OUTLINE

2.1 Components of Marine Seismic 2.3.4 Acoustic Network 88
Acquisition 40 2.3.5 Flip-Flop Shooting 91
2.1.1 Seismic Vessels 41 2.3.6 Slant Streamer Acquisition 92
2.1.2 Hydrophones and Streamer 44 2.3.7 Fan Mode Acquisition 93
2.1.3 Marine Seismic Energy Sources 53 2.3.8 Multiazimuth Surveys 94
2.1.4 Gun Control Systems 55 2.4 Specific Acquisition Techniques 100
2.1.5 Streamer Depth Controllers 57 2.4.1 Ocean Bottom Seismic
2.1.6 Seismic Recorder 58 Acquisition 100
2.1.7 Integrated Navigation System 59 2.4.2 Time-Lapse (4D) Seismic 108
2.1.8 Tail Buoys, Dilt Floats and
2.4.3 Transition Zone Acquisition 109
Paravanes 60
2.4.4 P-Cable Acquisition 110
2.1.9 Lead-in and Deck Cables 62
2.5 Data Acquisition Parameters 112
2.2 Air Gun Arrays 62
2.2.1 Air Gun Principles 63 2.5.1 Parameters for Survey Geometry, 114
Sources, and Receivers
2.2.2 Air Gun Bubble Effect 65 2.5.2 Parameters for Data Recording 127
2.2.3 Ghost Reflection 68
2.2.4 Near-/Far-Field Source Signatures 69 2.6 QC in Data Acquisition 131
2.2.5 Cluster/String/Array 72 2.6.1 Preacquisition Instrument Tests 134
2.2.6 Tuning and Array Performance 76 2.6.2 Analysis of Seismic Data 140
2.6.3 Analysis of Navigation Data 146
2.3 3D Marine Seismic Acquisition 81 2.6.4 Analysis of Seismic Source 154
2.3.1 Acquisition Patterns 82 2.6.5 QC Reporting 158
2.3.2 Streamer Steering 84
2.3.3 Streamer Layout 85

Acquisition and Processing of Marine Seismic Data 37 # 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811490-2.00002-5