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76 3. Heterogeneous Processes and Reactor Analysis

Fluidized-bed reactor (FLBR): The up-flow gas or liquid phase suspends the fine solid
particles, which remain in the reactor (Figure 3.8). This reactor is of tubular shape with a
relatively low aspect ratio of length to diameterThe most common application of FLBR .
is the classical FCC process.
Entrained flow reactor (riser): This is a fluidized-bed reactor in which the solid is entrained
by the fluid phase and is recycled throughout the operation (Figure 3.9). Some applications of
this reactor type are the modern FCC process and the calcination of alumina hydrate.

Three-phase heterogeneous reactors
Three-phase reactors are generally needed in cases where there are both volatile and non-
volatile reactants, or when a liquid solvent is necessary with all reactants in the gas-phase
(Smith, 1981). Some examples are

so lid
articles p

fluid

Figure 3.8 The fluidized-bed reactor.

g as
Figure 3.9 The entrained flo. w reactor