Page 141 - Advanced English Grammar in Use

E a c h ( o f ) , e v e r y a n d a l l
all
every
and
(of),
Each
We can use each (of) and every with singular countable nouns to mean all things or people in a
We can use each (of) and every with singular countable nouns to mean all things or people in a
(each
or three or more
(of))
(every)
(see also Unit 69):
group of two or more (each (of)) or three or more (every) (see also Unit 69):
group of two or more
The programme is on every (or each) weekday morning at 10.00.
• ¢ The programme is on every (or each) weekday morning at 10.00.
g • ¢ Each (or every) ticket costs £35.
Each (or every) ticket costs £35.
singular verb
after each
(of)
and every:
We use a a singular verb after each (of) and every:
We use
• ¢ Following the flood, every building in the area needs major repair work, (not ...need...)
work.
needs
Following
major
the
flood,
every
building
area
in
repair
the
(not
...need...)
However, when each follows the noun or pronoun it refers to, the noun and verb are plural:
the
it
follows
are
However,
or
to,
noun
and
pronoun
the
each
verb
plural:
refers
noun
when
Every student is tested twice a year. They are each given a hundred questions to do.
• ¢ Every student is tested twice a year. They are each given a hundred questions to do.
'each soldier',
'every
use they, their and them to refer back to phrases
such as
Notice that we use they, their and them to refer back to phrases such as 'each soldier’, ‘every
Notice that we
candidate' etc. which do not indicate a a specific gender (male or female). Compare:
candidate’ etc. which do not indicate specific gender (male or female). Compare:
Each woman complained that she (or they) had been unfairly treated.
• ¢ Each woman complained that she (or they) had been unfairly treated.
Every candidate said that they thought the interview was too long.
• ¢ Every candidate said that they thought the interview was too long.
D Often we can use every or each (of) with little difference in meaning. However:
Often
use
or
can
every
each
(of)
we
However:
in
little
difference
with
meaning.
we use every
we use every
• ¢ with almost, nearly, virtually, etc. that emphasise we are talking about a group as a whole:
almost,
a
virtually,
group
nearly,
are
with
we
about
emphasise
a
etc.
as
talking
whole:
that
Almost every visitor stopped and stared,
each
(not
¢
visitor...)
Almost
• Almost every visitor stopped and stared. (not Almost each visitor...)
• ¢ if we are talking about a large group with an indefinite number of things or people in it:
group
with
a
indefinite
an
large
about
in
number
of
talking
people
things
if
it:
or
we
are
• * Before I met Daniel, I thought every small child liked sweets! (rather than ...each...)
I
thought
liked
Daniel,
than
child
sweets!
Before
every
small
met
(rather
...each...)
I
• ¢ Every new car now has to be fitted with seat belts, (rather than ...each...)
has
...each...)
fitted
than
with
Every
belts.
to
be
seat
new
car
now
(rather
• ¢ with a plural noun when every is followed by a number:
a
number:
every
a
is
followed
with
by
noun
when
plural
• ¢ I go to the dentist every six months, (rather than ...each six months.)
(rather
go
than
six
six
...each
every
the
dentist
to
months.
I
months.)
• ¢ in phrases referring to regular or repeated events such as every other (kilometre), every single
to
or
single
referring
such
every
in
repeated
every
events
phrases
(kilometre),
other
as
regular
(day), every so often, every few (months), every now and again (= occasionally).
so
(months),
every
again
now
(day),
often,
every
occasionally).
few
and
every
(=
• ¢ with abstract uncountable nouns such as chance, confidence, hope, reason, and sympathy to
reason,
such
with
hope,
as
confidence,
to
and
uncountable
abstract
sympathy
chance,
nouns
show a positive attitude to what we are saying. Here every means 'complete' or 'total':
what
attitude
‘complete’
positive
‘total’:
show
means
every
or
to
we
Here
saying.
are
a
• ¢ She has every chance of success in her application for the job.
for
the
application
has
success
She
of
in
her
every
chance
job.
we use each
we
each
use
• ¢ if we are thinking about the individual members of the group. Compare:
of
if
are
the
group.
thinking
members
the
about
we
Compare:
individual
• ¢ We greeted each guest as they entered. (Emphasises that we greeted them individually.)
greeted
that
guest
we
We
(Emphasises
they
each
individually.)
entered.
as
greeted
them
• ¢ We greeted every guest as they entered. (Means something like 'all the guests'.)
every
guests'.)
the
as
they
We
(Means
like
guest
entered.
'all
something
greeted
• ¢ when we are talking about both people or things in a pair:
pair:
both
things
about
people
or
when
in
a
are
we
talking
• ¢ I only had two suitcases, but each (one) weighed over 20 kilos.
but
kilos.
two
I
only
had
suitcases,
each
weighed
20
(one)
over
When we use all (with plural or uncountable nouns) or every (with singular countable nouns)
When we use all (with plural or uncountable nouns) or every (with singular countable nouns) to to
talk about things or people in a group they have a similar meaning:
talk about things or people in a group they have a similar meaning:
• es
Have you eaten all the apples?
He ate every apple in the house.
• « He ate every apple in the house.
• ¢ Have you eaten all the apples?
use all or every to talk about time, their meaning is usually different:
However, when we use all or every to talk about time, their meaning is usually different:
However, when we
John stayed all weekend.
(= the whole of the weekend)
• ¢ John stayed all weekend. (= the whole of the weekend)
(= without exception)
John stayed every weekend when he was at university.
• ¢ John stayed every weekend when he was at university. (= without exception)

D
took the
(or everybody)
money.
•
Everyone knows who
everyone (or everybody) |
everyone
*
who
the
knows
Everyone
took
money.
= every person
Tomorrow I'll write to everyone concerned.
•
Tomorrow
to
everyone
I'll
write
concerned.
¢
= every person
anybody)
I haven't seen anyone all day.
anyone (or
• ¢ J haven't seen anyone all day.
anyone(or anybody)

Did you meet anyone you know at the conference?
= any person at
= any person at all all
• ¢
Did you meet anyone you know at the conference?

All (Of):
All (Of) FEE] = Each (of) ad all (of)
=>
Each (of) and all (of):> EGE