Page 165 - Advanced English Grammar in Use

h e a r )
S o ( I (I m s t e a d ofrepeating an adjective, adverb, or a whole clause:
s o
I |
So
s o ; so
think
hear)
t h i n k so;
We often use so instead of a clause after verbs concerned with thinking, such as be afraid,
c a n
s o
u s e
adjective,
°^ repeating an
or
whole
clause:
a
adverb,
A
f
We can use so instead
The workers were angry and they had every right to be so.
(= angry)
• ¢ The workers were angry and they had every right to be so. (= angry)
John took the work seriously and Petra perhaps even more so.
seriously)
(=
• ¢ John took the work seriously and Petra perhaps even more so. (= seriously)
(= that he should be the new director)
Bob should be the new director. At least I think so.
• ¢ Bob should be the new director. At least I think so. (= that he should be the new director)
such
as be
often use
afraid,
so instead of a clause
after verbs concerned with thinking,
We
expect,
assume, believe,
(after 'it'),
suppose,
guess, hope,
imagine, presume,
sy
appear/seem
appear/seem (after 'it'), assume, believe, expect, guess, hope, imagine, presume, suppose,
tell
also
after
after
think,
say and
an
(with
object):
and
(i
suspect,
suspect, think, and also after say and after tell (with an object):
be home next week - at least we hope so.
(= that he will
• ¢
Paul will be home next week - at least we hope so. (= that he will be home next week)
Paul will
I found the plan ridiculous, and said so. (- that I found the plan ridiculous)
• ¢ I found the plan ridiculous, and said so. (= that I found the plan ridiculous)
admit,
certain,
agree, be
Notice that we don't use so after certain other verbs, including accept, admit, agree, be certain,
ae 2 Notice that we don't use so after certain other verbs, including accept, be home next week)
suggest, be sure:
claim, doubt, hear, intend, promise, suggest, be sure:
claim, doubt, hear, intend, promise,
She promised (that) she would, (not She promised so.)
• ¢ Liz will organise the party. She promised (that) she would. (not She promised so.)
Liz will organise the party.
be on time today. I'm sure (that) it will, (not I'm sure so.)
• * The train will
The train will be on time today. I'm sure (that) it will. (not I'm sure so.)
negative sentences, we use not or not...so:
In negative sentences, we use not or not...so:
In
statement?
Socialist Party offering anything new in its
It would appear not.
• ¢ Is the Socialist Party offering anything new in its statement? It would appear not.
Is the
buy the house, although they didn't say so directly.
• ¢ They want to to buy the house, although they didn't say so directly.
They want
We can use either not or not...so with appear, seem, suppose:
We can use either not or not...so with appear, seem, suppose:
'I don't suppose there'll be any seats left.' 'No, I don't suppose so.'(or ...I suppose not.)
• ¢ 'I don't suppose there'll be any seats left.’ 'No, I don't suppose so.'(or ...I suppose not.)
think. With these verbs,
expect,
imagine,
not is rather formal:
We prefer not...so with believe, expect, imagine, think. With these verbs, not is rather formal:
We prefer not...so with believe,
She thought not.)
(rather than
She
so.
didn't think
she taken a wrong turning?
Had
• ¢ Had she taken a wrong turning? She didn't think so. (rather than She thought not.)
use not with be afraid, assume, guess, hope, presume, suspect:
a We use not with be afraid, assume, guess, hope, presume, suspect:
gWe
I
late?"I^op
e
so.
(not
not.
l
k
e
we'l
t
'Do you think we'll be late?"I^ope not.''
(not I don't hope so.)
don'
e
thin
yo
u
hop
b
• * • ¢ Do woutthinkwe'lllbe late?’ ‘I hope not." (not I don’thope so.) )
the use of not (to) and not...so with say:
Compare the use of not (to) and not...so with say:
Compare
'The teacher said not.' (= the teacher said that we
• * 'Do we have to do all ten questions?' 'The teacher said not.' (= the teacher said that we
'Do we have to do all ten questions?’
didn't have to) or or 'The teacher said not to.' (= the teacher said that we weren't to.)
didn't have to)
'The teacher said not to.' (= the teacher said that we weren't to.)
'The teacher didn't say so.' (= the teacher didn't say
'Do we have to do all ten questions?’
• ¢ 'Do we have to do all ten questions?' 'The teacher didn't say so.' (= the teacher didn't say
all ten, but perhaps we should)
that we should do all ten, but perhaps we should)
that we should do
in
a short answer,
instead
...',
say
short answer with
when we want to
of a
so
'Yes,
use
We can use so in a short answer, instead of a short answer with 'Yes, ...', when we want to say
We can
see that
if we are
something
is true, now that we have
been told, particularly
that we can
that we can see that something is true, now that we have been told, particularly if we are
it is true:
surprised that it is true:
surprised that
(or Yes, they are.)
'So they are.'
(= I can see that, too, now)
'Jack and Martha are here.'
• ¢ ‘Jack and Martha are here." 'So they are.' (or Yes, they are.) (= I can see that, too, now)
'Mimi has cut her face.' 'So she has.' (or Yes, she has.) (= I can see that, too, now)
• ¢ ‘Mimi has cut her face.’ 'So she has.’ (or Yes, she has.) (= I can see that, too, now)
(be, have, do, can, could, etc.).
In answers like this we use so + pronoun + auxiliary verb
In answers like this we use so + pronoun + auxiliary verb (be, have, do, can, could, etc.).
in:
short answers
the
Compare the short answers in:
Compare
• ¢ 'Your bike's been moved.' 'So it has. (or Yes, it has.) I wonder who did it.' (= I didn't know
'Your bike's been moved.' 'So it has. (or Yes, it has.) I wonder who did it.' (© I didn't know
and
before you told me) and
before you told me)
'Yes, it has. Philip borrowed it this morning.' (= I knew before
'Your bike's been moved.'
• « 'Your bike's been moved.' 'Yes, it has. Philip borrowed it this morning.' (= I knew before
me)
you told
you told me)
use
(after 'it'),
appear
as
believe,
such
so
in
a
similar way in short answers with verbs
We can use so in a similar way in short answers with verbs such as appear (after 'it'), believe,
We can
So she tells me), understand. However, with these verbs, the
tell (e.g.
gather, hear, say, seem, tell (e.g. So she tells me), understand. However, with these verbs, the
gather, hear, say, seem,
knew
you told me':
implies
'I
before
pattern
pattern implies 'I knew before you told me':
'So I understand.'
(= I've heard that news, too)
• ¢ 'The factory is going to close.' 'So I understand.' (= I've heard that news, too)
'The factory is going to close.'
T found that lecture really boring.'
(= I knew that) I saw you sleeping.'
'So I gather.
• ¢ T found that lecture really boring.’ 'So I gather. (= I knew that) I saw you sleeping.
Do so So that... =>
Doso=
Sothat...