Page 169 - Advanced English Grammar in Use

L e a v i n g o u t w o r d s a f t e r a u x i l i a r y v e r b s
out
verbs
Leaving
words
after
auxiliary
following
examples:
Study the following examples:
Study the
(instead of ...has finished.)
She says she's finished, but I don't think she has. (instead of...has finished.)
• ¢ She says she's finished, but I don't think she has.
• « ‘Are you going to read it?’ 'Well, no, I'm not.' (instead of ...I'm not going to read it.)
'Are you going to read it?' 'Well, no, I'm not." (instead of ...I'm not going to read it.)
like to
'I would.'
(instead of I would
‘Would any of you like to come with me to Venice?'
• * 'Would any of you like to come with me to Venice?' 'I would." (instead ofl would like to
come with you to Venice.)
come with you to Venice.)
(be,
or sentence we
use
a previous clause
auxiliary verb
an
avoid
repeating words
have,
from
To avoid repeating words from a previous clause or sentence we use an auxiliary verb (be, have,
To
can, will, would, etc.) instead of a whole verb group (e.g. ‘has finished') or instead of a verb and
can, will, would, etc.) instead of a whole verb group (e.g. 'has finished') or instead of a verb and
what follows it (e.g. 'going to read it', 'like to come with you to Venice').
what follows it (e.g. 'going to read it', 'like to come with you to Venice’).
auxiliary verb
is more than
one
in the
previous clause or sentence, we leave out all the
If there is more than one auxiliary verb in the previous clause or sentence, we leave out all the
If there
auxiliary verbs except the first instead of repeating the main verb. Alternatively, we can use two
auxiliary verbs except the first instead of repeating the main verb. Alternatively, we can use two
auxiliary verbs:
(or more) auxiliary verbs:
(or more)
{or ...had been.)
Alex hadn't been invited to the meal, although his wife had.
• ¢ Alex hadn't been invited to the meal, although his wife had. (or ...had been.)
'Yes, they could.'
(or ...could have
(been).)
'They could have been delayed by the snow."
• ¢ 'They could have been delayed by the snow.' 'Yes, they could.' (or ...could have (been).)
D If there is no auxiliary verb in the previous clause or sentence, or if the auxiliary is a form of do,
If there is no auxiliary verb in the previous clause or sentence, or if the auxiliary is a form of do,
use
of repeating the main verb:
of do
instead
form
a
we
we use a form of do instead of repeating the main verb:
(instead of ...as well as he plays chess.)
• * I now play chess as well as he does, (instead of...as well as he plays chess.)
Inow play chess as well as he does.
(instead of ...that you
stole it.)
‘I didn't steal the money.' ‘No-one thinks that you did.’
• * 'I didn't steal the money.' 'No-one thinks that you did.' (instead of ...that you stole it.)
is the
of the verb be:
main verb
in the previous clause or sentence, we repeat a
form
If be is the main verb in the previous clause or sentence, we repeat a form of the verb be:
If be
are noisy again.'
'They always are.'
• ¢ 'The children are noisy again.' 'They always are.'
'The children
'I'm not happy in my job.' 'T thought you were.'
• ¢ ‘Pm not happy in my job.' 'I thought you were.'
or sentence, we
is the main verb
form
usually use a
of either do or
in the previous clause
If have
If have is the main verb in the previous clause or sentence, we usually use a form of either do or
have:
have:
(or ...you do.)
'Do you think I have a chance of winning?! 'Yes, I think you have.'
• ¢ 'Do you think I have a chance of winning?' 'Yes, I think you have.' (or ...you do.)
• ¢ Even if he hasn't got a map himself, he may know someone who has. (or ...who does.)
Even if he hasn't got a map himself, he may know someone who has. (or ...who does.)
For example,
in the first sentence
also use do have, etc.
above
For particular emphasis, we can also use do have, etc. For example, in the first sentence above
For particular emphasis, we can
we can use '...I think you do have'. (In spoken English we would stress 'do'.)
we can use ‘.... think you do have'. (In spoken English we would stress 'do'.)
However, if we use have + noun in the previous clause or sentence to talk about actions (have a
However, if we use have + noun in the previous clause or sentence to talk about actions (have a
etc.) we prefer do:
g shower, have lunch, have a good time,
nshower, have lunch, have a good time, etc.) we prefer do:
but I did.
have a good time at the party,
• « • ¢ I wasn't expecting to to have a good time at the party, but I did.
IT wasn't expecting
If we use have as an auxiliary verb, we can follow it with done:
If we use have as an auxiliary verb, we can follow it with done:
• ¢ The restaurant is to ban smoking, just as many other restaurants in the city have (done).
The restaurant is to ban smoking, just as many other restaurants in the city have (done).
'She's never made a mistake before.' "Well she has (done) this time.'
• ¢ 'She's never made a mistake before.’ 'Well she has (done) this time.'
a similar way, after a modal auxiliary verb (can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall,
In In a similar way, after a modal auxiliary verb (can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall,
@® within a passive, we don't leave out be after a modal: or sentence, we can use be after a modal:
English:
we can
use do, particularly in spoken
should, will, would)
should, will, would) we can use do, particularly in spoken English:
'I might (do).'
'Will you see Tony today?' 'I might (do).'
• ¢
'Will you see Tony today?!
'Yes, I suppose it would (do).'
'Mat's operation next week is worrying him a lot.' 'Yes, I suppose it would (do).'
• ¢
'Mat's operation next week is worrying him a lot.'
an auxiliary verb
in
use be as
the previous clause
If we use be as an auxiliary verb in the previous clause or sentence, we can use be after a modal:
If we
'Yes, I think she will (be).'
'Is Ella staying for lunch?' 'Yes, I think she will (be).'
‘Ts Ella staying for lunch?'
• ¢
as
an auxiliary
or
verb
if be is
as
used
a
in the previous clause
main verb
or sentence,
However,
However, if be is used as a main verb in the previous clause or sentence, or as an auxiliary verb
after
we don't
a modal:
leave out be
a
passive,
within
in my view,
never will be.
• I
Shannon isn't a great footballer now and,
• ¢
Shannon isn't a great footballer now and, in my view, never will be.
The book was delivered within a week. The shop had said it would be.
+
The book was delivered within a week. The shop had said it would be.