Page 177 - Advanced English Grammar in Use

A d j e c t i v e s a n d a d v e r b s
adverbs
and
Adjectives

use an adverb, not an adjective
We
We use an adverb, not an adjective
to say how something happened or was done:
• * to say how something happened or was done:
always greatly enjoyed his novels, (not ...great enjoyed...)
I've
• * I've always greatly enjoyed his novels. (not ...great enjoyed...)
The people who work in that shop always talk politely to customers,
(not
...polite...)
• ¢ The people who work in that shop always talk politely to customers. (not ...polite...)
modify
adjectives,
85):
to
including participle
(see Unit
adjectives
Q • to modify adjectives, including participle adjectives (see Unit 85):
They had a beautifully furnished house.
strangely quiet in the room.
It was
• ¢ It was strangely quiet in the room. • * They had a beautifully furnished house.
an adjective + -ly: happy —* happily, etc. When an adjective
Some adverbs are formed from
Some adverbs are formed from an adjective + -ly: happy —* happily, etc. When an adjective
(e.g. cowardly, friendly, kindly, lively, lonely) we don't add -ly to it to make
already ends in -ly (e.g. cowardly, friendly, kindly, lively, lonely) we don't add -ly to it to make
already ends in -ly
Instead we can use a prepositional phrase with fashion, manner, or way:
an adverb. Instead we can use a prepositional phrase with fashion, manner, or way:
an adverb.
He smiled at me
in a friendly way.
a lively fashion.
She waved her hands around
• ¢ He smiled at me in a friendly way. • ¢ She waved her hands around in in a lively fashion.
ending
-ed
(see Unit
85) don't have
use
in
an
adverb
form
and we can
adjectives
Most participle adjectives ending in -ed (see Unit 85) don't have an adverb form and we can use
Most participle
similar
prepositional phrase:
a a similar prepositional phrase:
They rose to greet me in a subdued manner.
• ¢ They rose to greet me in a subdued manner.
(or ...in
She walked around the room in an agitated way.
agitation.)
• ¢ She walked around the room in an agitated way. (or ...in agitation.)
following common
an
have
do
form with
including the
some
-ly,
ones:
adverb
However, some do have an adverb form with -ly, including the following common ones:
However,
dejectedly, deservedly,
excitedly, hurriedly,
markedly, pointedly,
allegedly, belatedly, contentedly,
allegedly, belatedly, contentedly, dejectedly, deservedly, excitedly, hurriedly, markedly, pointedly,
reputedly,
reportedly,
supposedly, unexpectedly, wholeheartedly, wickedly:
repeatedly,
repeatedly, reportedly, reputedly, supposedly, unexpectedly, wholeheartedly, wickedly:
unexpectedly stormy.
• ¢ The weather had turned unexpectedly stormy.
The weather had turned
forms,
use
have two
either of
We can sometimes
other not.
one ending -ly and the
Some adverbs
Some adverbs have two forms, one ending -ly and the other not. We can sometimes use either of
although
of the
in
-ly is
ending
meaning,
the
adverb without changing the
forms
form
the two forms of the adverb without changing the meaning, although the form ending in -ly is
the two
formal
style:
in
a
more usual in a formal style:
more usual
Try to sing loud(ly) in the last verse.
I'll be there as quick(ly) as I can.
• ¢ I'll be there as quick(ly) as I can. • ¢ Try to sing loud(ly) in the last verse.
clear(ly),
clean(ly),
fine(ly),
cheap(ly),
slow(ly), thin(ly).
like this include
Other words like this include cheap(ly), clean(ly), clear(ly), fine(ly), slow(ly), thin(ly).
Other words
-ly:
difference
adverb with and without
other cases
a
in the meaning of the
is
there
In In other cases there is a difference in the meaning of the adverb with and without -ly:
(= willingly)
(=
freely.
for no money)
She gave her time free.
and
She gave her time
• « She gave her time free. (= forno money) and She gave her time freely. (= willingly)
I arrived late for the concert.
I haven't seen John lately. (= recently)
and
• ¢ I arrived late for the concert. and {I haven't seen John lately. (= recently)
have
that can
different
some
are
other
pairs
meanings.
of adverbs
Compare:
Here are some other pairs of adverbs that can have different meanings. Compare:
Here

Do I have to change trains in Leeds?' 'No, I'll be with you directly (= very soon).
• * Do I have to change trains in Leeds?’ 'No,} • ¢ I'll be with you directly (= very soon).
direct (= without stopping).' He saw Susan directly (= straight) ahead.
you can go
you can go direct (= without stopping).' • ¢ He saw Susan directly (= straight) ahead.

line was so bad, I could
The telephone
hard and passed her
• ¢ She worked really hard and passed her • « The telephone line was so bad, I could
She worked really
exams. hardly (= only just) hear what he was saying.
hardly (= only just) hear what he was saying.
exams.

He kicked the ball high over the goal.
Everyone thinks highly of her teaching.
• ¢
He kicked the ball high over the goal.
Everyone thinks highly of her teaching.
• ¢
Ied
(= they praise her for it) it)
(= they praise her for

be arriving
shortly
speaker will
their holiday when John
short
They cut short their holiday when John
• ¢
They cut
• ¢
The speaker will be arriving shortly
The
(= soon). Please take your seats.
(= went home early)
became ill.
(= soon). Please take your seats.
became ill. (= went home early)

It's
get the book.
difficult to
The door was wide (= completely) open
It won't be difficult to get the book. It's
• ¢
• ¢
It won't be
The door was wide (= completely) open
so I just went straight in.
widely available. (= in many places)
so I just went straight in.
widely available. (= in many places)

is
adjective
and
adverb:
an
well
an
is
Remember that good
Remember that good is an adjective and well is an adverb:
I asked Francis to clean the car, and he did a good job. / ...and he did the job well.
• ¢ I asked Francis to clean the car, and he did a good job. / ...and he did the job well.
also
is
an
meaning 'healthy':
adjective
well
However, well is also an adjective meaning ‘healthy’:
However,
You're not looking too well.
okay?
Are you
• ¢ You're not looking too well. Are you okay?