Page 179 - Advanced English Grammar in Use

PALUIGIVIG QAUJGLLIVGS ^LIit; l u s i i i y u u f u u , m e
a u j e u u v e s (UIG TUOHHY LUOAGL, LIC
s e l e c t e d w i n n e r s )
selected
winners)

(-ing forms) and past participles (-ed forms) of verbs can be used as
Some present participles
Some present participles (-ing forms) and past participles (-ed forms) of verbs can be used as
Most of these participle adjectives can be used before the noun they describe or
adjectives. Most of these participle adjectives can be used before the noun they describe or
adjectives.
verbs (see Unit 82A):
following linking verbs (see Unit 82A):
following linking
me a welcoming cup of tea.
She gave me a welcoming cup of tea.
• * She gave
I found this broken plate in the kitchen cupboard.
• ¢ JI found this broken plate in the kitchen cupboard.
The students' tests results were pleasing.
• ¢ The students' tests results were pleasing.
My mother appeared delighted with the present.
• ¢ My mother appeared delighted with the present.
participles
can
the
noun.
immediately
define
some
to
order
use
identify
or
in
after nouns
D We can use some participles immediately after nouns in order to identify or define the noun.
We
use is similar to defining relative clauses (see Units 70 and 74):
This
This use is similar to defining relative clauses (see Units 70 and 74):
A cheer went up from the crowds watching, {or ...the crowds that were watching.)
• « A cheer went up from the crowds watching. {or ...the crowds that were watching.)
We had to pay for the rooms used, {or ...the rooms that were used.)
• * We had to pay for the rooms used, {or ...the rooms that were used.)
few participles are used immediately after nouns, but rarely before them (see Unit 82D):
A A few participles are used immediately after nouns, but rarely before them (see Unit 82D):
{but not ...the applying candidates...)
applying was accepted,
None of the candidates
• * None of the candidates applying was accepted. {but not ...the applying candidates...)
My watch was among the things taken,
{but not ...the taken things.
k • ¢ My watch was among the things taken. {but not ...the taken things. ) )
@ Other participles like this include caused, found, provided, used.
• Other participles like this include caused, found, provided, used.
say:
after nouns.
before
used
or immediately
participles can
For example, we can
be
Some
Some participles can be used before or immediately after nouns. For example, we can say:
Rub the area infected with this antiseptic cream,
or
• ¢ Rub the area infected with this antiseptic cream. or
antiseptic cream.
Rub the infected area with this
• ¢ Rub the infected area with this antiseptic cream.
remaining,
interested,
include
chosen,
identified,
affected, broken,
Other participles like this
Other participles like this include affected, broken, chosen, identified, interested, remaining,
resulting, stolen.
resulting, stolen.
Remember the differences between the following pairs of adjectives: alarmed - alarming,
Remember the differences between the following pairs of adjectives: alarmed - alarming,
amazing,
bored
-
frightened
pleased
frightening,
exciting,
boring,
-
-
excited
-
amazed
amazed - amazing, bored - boring, excited - exciting, frightened - frightening, pleased - -
worried - worrying. When
-
surprised
these
adjectives
use
tired -
tiring,
surprising,
we
pleasing,
pleasing, surprised - surprising, tired - tiring, worried - worrying. When we use these adjectives
something,
about
adjectives
the
feels
describe
describe
the
someone
'something'
how
(e.g.
-ing
to to describe how someone feels about something, the -ing adjectives describe the ‘something’ (e.g.
adjectives
(e.g.
decision)
describe the
and
-ed
'someone'
I was
surprised).
the
surprising
a a surprising decision) and the -ed adjectives describe the ‘someone’ (e.g. I was surprised).
Compare:
Compare:
I'm pleased with the result.
It's a pleasing result.
and
g • ¢ I'm pleased with the result. and • ¢ It's a pleasing result.
The bored children started to get restless.
The play was really boring.
• ¢ The bored children started to get restless. and • ¢ The play was really boring.
and
often form compound adjectives with a participle following a noun, adverb, or another
We
We often form compound adjectives with a participle following a noun, adverb, or another
and connected
by
a
hyphen:
adjective, and connected by a hyphen:
adjective,
A worried-looking lawyer
left the court.
money-making enterprise.
I hope it will be a
• ¢ [hope it will be a money-making enterprise. • ¢ A worried-looking lawyer left the court.
an
We walked past
evil-smelling pond.
are well-behaved children.
They
• ¢ They are well-behaved children. • ¢ We walked past an evil-smelling pond.
A slow-moving lorry was causing the
is on its maiden voyage.
The newly-built ship
• * The newly-built ship is on its maiden voyage. only when they are or '...a built ship' as the
• * A slow-moving lorry was causing the
Carpourd nouns like this, those normally means 'people'. a participle adjective: by law.
delays.
delays.
used in this pattern.
some participle
can
use
For
adjectives
Notice that we
Notice that we can use some participle adjectives only when they are used in this pattern. For
say '...a making enterprise',
'...behaved children',
example, we can't say ‘...a making enterprise’, ‘...behaved children’, or ‘...a built ship’ as the
example, we can't
incomplete without the
or noun.
adverb
is
sense is incomplete without the adverb or noun.
sense
English,
that and
those
can
before
be
formal
used
In In formal English, that and those can be used before a participle adjective:
(= the temperature)
office temperature is lower than that
required
The
• ¢ The office temperature is lower than that (= the temperature) required by law.
preparing to go on holiday.
is some advice for those
(= people)
Here
• ¢ Here is some advice for those (= people) preparing to go on holiday.
In examples
In examples like this, those normally means 'people'.
Participle clauses
Particiole dauses =>
Compound nouns = =