Page 275 - Advanced English Grammar in Use

Glossary

school); that-clause (e.g. She said thatthat conjunction
(e.g.
school);
that-clause
She
said
conjunction
was thirsty); wh-clause
(e.g.
she
she was thirsty); wh-clause (e.g. I I A word such as and, but, if, while,
A word such as and, but, if, while,
going);
asked Sandra where she was going); after, because which connects words,
Sandra
where
was
asked
she
after, because which connects words,
it-clause (e.g. /t's notnot surprising thatthat phrases, or clauses a sentence.
It's
it-clause
surprising
(e.g.
phrases, or clauses in in a sentence.
you're feeling cold); what-clause (e.g.
you're
what-clause
(e.g.
cold);
feeling
countable
is
buy
do
What
What II wantwant to do is buy a a betterbetter countable
to
If you
A countable noun can be both
computer); if-clauseif-clause (e.g. Ifyou leave A countable noun can be both
computer);
(e.g.
leave
and
plural
(e.g.
cup/cups).
you'll
by
be
home
singular
10.00);
now,
now, you'll be home by 10.00); singular and plural (e.g. cup/cups).
An uncountable noun doesn't have
whether-clause (e.g. You have to take An uncountable noun doesn't have a a
take
to
You
(e.g.
have
whether-clause
plural form (e.g. electricity, but not
you
the exam whetherwhether you wantwant to oror plural form (e.g. electricity, but not
exam
the
to
-ing
'electricities').
Feeling hungry,
clause
(e.g.
not); -ing clause (e.g. Feeling hungry, 'electricities').
not);
went
kitchen);
the
into
I I went into the kitchen); pastpast
determiner
determiner
Built
participle (-ed) clause (e.g. Built
(-ed)
clause
participle
(e.g.
front of a
to
noun
in
A word that goes
A word that goes in front of a noun to
the
now
the
building
duringduring the 1950s,1950s, the building is now
is
identify what the noun refers to (e.g.
identify what the noun refers to (e.g.
in need of repair); being
of
need
repair);
being pastpast
in
a/an,
all,
some,
the,
each,
my).
this,
this, some, the, a/an, each, all, my).
participle (-ed) clause (e.g. Being
(e.g. Being
participle
clause
(-ed)
a
unemployed, TomTom hada lot of time
lot
had
of
time
unemployed,
speech
direct speech
direct
hands);
his
onon his hands); having past participle
past
participle
having
exact
Speech that is written using the exact
Speech that is written using the
(-ed) clause (e.g. Having seen the
(-ed) clause (e.g. Having seen the
without
speaker,
of the
any
words
words of the speaker, without any
doctor, I 1 went straight home).
straight
home).
doctor,
went
Compare
SPEECH.
REPORTED
changes.
changes. Compare REPORTED SPEECH.
complementcomplement
dynamic verb
dynamic verb
A word or phrase thatthat follows a a
A
or
phrase
follows
word
A verb that describes an action (e.g.
A verb that describes an action (e.g.
LINKING VERB and describes the
and
LINKING
VERB
describes
the
walk, throw). Compare STATE VERB.
walk, throw). Compare STATE VERB.
is
SUBJECT (e.g. LindaLinda is a lawyer) oror
(e.g.
SUBJECT
lawyer)
a
(e.g.
inedible).
food
found the
I
finite verb
OBJECT
OBJECT (e.g. I found the food inedible). finite verb
A verb that has a tense (e.g. She
A verb that has a tense (e.g. She
completion
completion
is
Non-
She
waiting
for you).
waited; She is waiting for you). Non-
waited;
A completion is an ADVERBIAL or
A completion is an ADVERBIAL or
finite verb forms are INFINITIVES
finite
verb
INFINITIVES
forms
are
w h i c h
PHRASE
PREPOSITIONAL
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE which (e.g. He came to see me) andand
see
came
He
to
(e.g.
me)
completes the meaning of a verb. PARTICIPLE forms (e.g. ShoutingShouting
completes the meaning of a verb.
(e.g.
forms
PARTICIPLE
a completion
(e.g.
need
Some verbs need a completion (e.g. loudly, I was able to make myselfmyself
Some verbs
make
loudly,
to
was
I
able
originated
Britain;
in
disease
The
The disease originated in Britain;
heard; Born
Germany,
heard; Born inin Germany, he now
now
he
be
disease originated'
would
'The disease originated' would be lives in France).
'The
lives
in
France).
incomplete).
incomplete).
imperative
imperative
compound
compound
uses the
clause
BARE
An imperative clause uses the BARE
An imperative
A compound noun consists of two or INFINITIVE form of a verb for such
A compound noun consists of two or
verb
a
form
for
of
such
INFINITIVE
as
a noun
used
more words together
more words together used as a noun things as giving orders and making
things as giving orders and making
language school).
a
A compound
(e.g.
(e.g. a language school). A compound suggestions (e.g. Go to bed!).bed!),
suggestions
Go
(e.g.
to
adjective consists of two or more
adjective consists of two or more
used
as
an
together
adjective
infinitive
words together used as an adjective infinitive
words
were
well-behaved).
They
that
(e.g. They were well-behaved). The form of a a verb that usually goes
The
verb
(e.g.
usually
of
form
goes
be
after 'to'. The form cancan be either the
after
'to'.
the
form
The
either
conditional to-infinitive (e.g. to sing, to eat) oror
conditional
eat)
sing,
to
to
to-infinitive
(e.g.
A conditional clause usually starts the bare infinitive (e.g. sing, eat).
A conditional clause usually starts
sing,
eat).
bare
infinitive
the
(e.g.
with 'if, but other patterns are
with ‘if, but other patterns are
verb
possible (e.g. Had it not rained,
possible (e.g. Had it not rained, intransitive verb
intransitive
A
object
an
England would have won). A A verb that doesn't take an object
England would have won).
A verb that doesn't take
She
smiled).
Compare
conditional sentence is one (e.g. She smiled). Compare
conditional sentence is one
(e.g.
a conditional
clause.
VERB.
containing
containing a conditional clause. TRANSITIVE VERB.
TRANSITIVE
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