Page 107 - Advances in Eco-Fuels for a Sustainable Environment

80 Advances in Eco-Fuels for a Sustainable Environment

Table 3.11 Continued

Oil
Concentration or yield
Oil seed Enzyme activity (%)
Avocado Control (aqueous without enzyme) 2.0
Alpha-amylase (Tanase) 1.0% 70.0
Alpha-amylase+protease 1.0% 67.0
Alpha-amylase+cellulase 1.0% 67.0
Cellulase+protease+alpha-amylase 1.0% 62.0
Sunflower Control (aqueous without enzyme) 30.0
Cellulase (CGA) 3% 44.0
Alpha 1,4 galacturonide glicano- 3% 44.0
hydrolase (Ultrazym) 1.5%:1.5% 52.0
Cellulase (CGA)+alpha 1,4
galacturonide glicano-hydrolase
(Ultrazym)
Peanut Control (aqueous without enzyme) 72.0
Protease (pepsin-Merck) 3% 78.0
Cellulase (CGA) 3% 75.0
Alpha 1,4 galacturonide glicano- 3% 74.0
hydrolase (Ultrazym) 1.5%:1.5% 78.0
Protease (pepsin-Merck)+cellulase 1.5%:1.5% 76.0
(CGA) 1.5%:1.5% 74.0
Protease (pepsin-Merck)+alpha 1,4 1.0:1.0:1.0% 78.0
galacturonide glicano-hydrolase
(Ultrazym)
Cellulase (CGA)+alpha 1,4
galacturonide glicano-hydrolase
(Ultrazym)
Protease (pepsin-Merck)+cellulase
(CGA)+alpha 1,4 galacturonide
glicano-hydrolase (Ultrazym)

Ref. [65].

This process is environmentally friendly and does not produce volatile organic
compounds [7]. According to Abdulkarim et al. [66], enzymatic extraction has many
advantages over solvent extraction, for example, the extraction temperature is lower,
explosive solvents are not required, and harmful wastes are not produced. It also facil-
itates separation of extracted vegetable components, and the mild condition of the pro-
cess ensures extracted components remain unchanged and only few byproducts that
may affect the taste and smell of the final product are produced. Enzymatic extraction
processes are carried out in an aqueous medium, thus phospholipids are separated
from the oil so that there is no need for degumming. This reduces the overall cost
of processing the oil to the final product.
Shah et al. [62] used a combination of ultrasonication and the aqueous enzymatic
oil extraction method to extract oil from the Jatropha seed. Sharma and Gupta [67]