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298 Advances in Eco-Fuels for a Sustainable Environment

6.2
6
Biocrude (wt%) 5.6
5.8

5.4
5.2
5
4.8
0 1 2 3 4 5
(A) Press. (MPa)

5.9
5.8
5.7
Biocrude (wt%) 5.5
5.6
5.4
5.3
5.2
5.1
5
250 270 290 310 330 350
(B) Target temp. (°C)

6.5

6
Biocrude (wt%) 5.5 5

4.5

4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
(C) Holding time (min)

Fig. 10.4 The statistically independent effect of process variables on biocrude yield.
(A) t¼30min, T¼300°C, (B) t¼30min, p¼2.55MPa, and (C), T¼300°C, p¼2.55 MPa.

Fig. 10.3C shows the combined effects of the target temperature and holding time
when an initial pressure of 2.55MPa is imposed. It is to be observed that for any target
temperature investigated in our experiments, the biocrude yield increases up to a max-
imum yield and then decreases with the temperature. As the same as the results shown
in Fig. 10.3A–B, it is also observed that biocrude yields reduce with the holding time.