Page 113 - Advances in Forensic Applications of Mass Spectrometry - Jehuda Yinon

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extraction followed by an ion pairing SPE on C18 cartridges. Detection was
based on an exact mass measurement of product ions. The method has been
applied in cases of murder involving serial killers of medical profession.
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Kerskes et al. performed a systematic study on detectability of pancuro-
nium, rocuronium, vecuronium, gallamine, suxametonium, mivacurium,
and atracurium in biological fluids using LC/ESI/MS (ion trap) after solid-
phase extraction. The method was successfully applied in toxicological emer-
gency case and after therapeutic administration of drugs.

2.4.4 Antidepressant and Antipsychotic Drugs
LC/MS has been frequently applied in the last few years for determination
of antidepressants. Several authors determined multiple drugs in one LC/MS
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procedure. Kumazawa et al. applied solid-phase microextraction followed
by LC/ESI/MS/MS for the determination of eleven phenothiazine derivatives
from whole blood and urine. The extraction efficiencies were studied and
ranged from 0.0002 to 0.12% for blood and from 2.6 to 39.8% for urine,
respectively. The sensitivity in selected reaction monitoring mode was
described as satisfactory. The LC/ESI/qTOF technique was used by Zhang et
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al. for the determination of doxepin, desipramine, imipramine, amitrip-
tyline, and trimipramine in human plasma. The separation time was 18 sec,
using a C18 15 ¥ 2.1 mm column and flow rate of 1.4 ml/min. The analyzer
allowed an accurate mass determination; the LOD was 5 mg/l. Kollroser and
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Schober developed a LC/APCI/MS/MS (ion trap) method for rapid deter-
mination of amitriptyline, nortriptyline, doxepin, dosulepin, dibenzepin,
opipramol, and melitracen in human plasma. Plasma samples were only
diluted with 0.1% formic acid and subjected to on-line extraction with an
Oasis extraction column. The samples were then forwarded to a C18 analyt-
ical column by valve switching. LC/ESI/MS and LC/MS/MS were applied for
the detection of antidepressants and neuroleptics in the hair of psychiatric
patients. The drugs (maprotiline, pipamperone, and citalopram) were
extracted from powdered hair with methanol and purified with SPE. Mass
spectra library search was performed for ESI/CID and MS/MS spectra. 150
Also, McClean et al. used LC/ESI/MS/MS (ion trap) for determination of
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antipsychotic drugs (chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine, flupenthixol, risperi-
done, and trimipramine in hair subjected to alkaline hydrolysis and solvent
extraction.
LC/MS has been frequently applied for selected antipsychotic drugs and
their metabolites.
Hoskins et al. described a method for the determination of monoamine
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oxidase inhibitor moclobemide and its two metabolites in human plasma.
The drugs were isolated with Bond Elut C18 SPE cartridges at alkaline pH
and separated on a Nova-Pak phenyl column. Protonated quasi-molecular

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