Page 245 - Air pollution and greenhouse gases from basic concepts to engineering applications for air emission control

7.8 Formation of Particulate Matter 221

1
C n H m þ yO 2 ! 2yCO þ = mH 2 þ n 2yÞCsðÞ with n [ 2y ð7:93Þ
ð
2
Readers are referred to specialized books for more knowledge.

7.9 Fate of Trace Elements

Chemical elements present in a natural material can be classified as trace elements,
minor elements, and the major elements, corresponding to concentrations of <0.1,
0.1–1, and >1 wt%, respectively.
Although these trace elements present in the natural ecosystem, quite amount is
relocated after fossil fuel combustion. Within the European Community the 13
elements of highest concern are As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Tl, and
V. Eleven of 189 hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in the USA are metals: As, Be,
Cd, Co, Cr, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se.

7.9.1 Trace Elements in Fuels

Fossil fuels like coal and heavy oil contain trace elements in the forms of organic
salts and inorganic minerals, for example, pyrites, and other sulphides, (alumino-)
silicates and carbonates [47]. In typical coal the concentrations of Pb, B, Cr, Ni, and
V are high. Ni and V are also found in oils.

Hg
Br Cl F
Class III
B Se I

As Cd Ga Ge Pb Increasing
Sb Sn To Ti Zn
Class II volatility
Ba Be Bi Co
Cr Cs Cu Mo Ni Sr
Class I Ta Tl U V W
Eu Hf La Mn Rb
Sc Sm Th Zr

Fig. 7.7 Classification of trace elements