Page 277 - Air pollution and greenhouse gases from basic concepts to engineering applications for air emission control

8.4 Biofuels 253

convert organic matter into CO 2 , water, and more bacteria. Therefore, there is no
biogas produced in aerobic digestion.
The main drawback of natural anaerobic digestion is its slow reaction. A
properly designed anaerobic digester provides better control over the environment
for the anaerobic digestion process. A digester is like a reactor, which can be sealed,
heated, and agitated to shorten the time needed to stabilize the waste. It also offers a
good control of odor emission and easy capture of the gaseous products like
methane. Due to the shorter process time requirement, a typical anaerobic digester
can be 100 times smaller than a natural anaerobic lagoon.
Regardless of the type of fuels produced from biomass or petrochemical process.
Their applications were primarily for energy production by combustion. The
combustion processes of these many types of fuels do not always follow the same
simplicity, rather they depend on the physical designs of the process.

References and Further Readings

1. Alvarez E, Mendioroz S, Munoz V, Palacios JM (1996) Sulphur recovery from sour gas by
using a modified low temperature Claus process on sepiolite. Appl Catal B: Environ
9:179–199
2. Appell HR, Fu YC, Friedman S, Yavorsky PM, Wender I (1980) Converting organic wastes to
oil: a replenishale energy source, Report of Investigations 7560. Bureau of Mines, Washington
DC
3. ASTM (2000) ASTM Standard D6751-03 Standard Specification for Biodiesel Fuel (B100)
Blend Stock for Distillate Fuels. West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania
4. Basüaran Y, Denizli A, Sakintuna B, Taralp A, Yurum Y (2003) Bio-liquefaction/
solubilisation of low-rank Turkish lignite and characterization of the products. Energy &
Fuel 17:1068–1074
5. Busca G, Pistarino C (2003) Technologies for the abatement of sulphide compounds from
gaseous streams: a comparative overview. J Loss Prev Process Ind 16(2003):363–371
6. Brown RC (2003) Biorenewable Resources, Engineering New Products from Agriculture.
Blackwell Publishing, Iowa State Press, Ames
7. Buhler W, Dinjus E, Ederer HJ, Kruse A, Mas C (2002) Ionic reactions and pyrolysis of
glycerol as competing reaction pathways in near- and supercritical water. J Supercrit Fluids 22
(1):37–53
8. Chun SW, Jang JY, Park DW, Woo HC, Chung JS (1998) Selective oxidation of hydrogen
sulphide to elemental sulphur over TiO 2 /SiO 2 catalysts. Appl Catal B 16:235–243
9. Cohen MS, Gabriele PD (1982) Degradation of coal by the fungi polyporus versicolor and
poria monticola. Appl Environ Microbiol 44:23–27
10. Cooper CD, Alley FC (2002) Air pollution control—a design approach, 3rd edn. Waveland
Press, Inc., Long Grove
11. Dolan R, Yin S, Tan Z (2010) Effect of headspace fraction and aqueous alkalinity on
subcritical hydrothermal gasification of cellulose. Int J Hydrogen Energy 35:6600–6610
12. Duun BS, Mackenzie JD, Tseng E (1976) Conversion of cattle manure into useful products.
EPA-600/2-76-238. USEPA, Washington DC
13. Elsner MP, Menge M, Müller C, Agar DW (2003) The Claus process: teaching an old dog new
tricks. Catal Today 79–80:487–494
14. Garner W, Smith I (1973) The disposal of cattle feedlot wastes by pyrolysis. EPA-R2-73-096.
USEPA, Washington DC