Page 298 - Air pollution and greenhouse gases from basic concepts to engineering applications for air emission control

9.7 Practice Problems 275

7. A practical gasoline engine emission control approach is
a. spray finer gasoline droplets into the cylinder to reduce complete combustion
products
b. engine exhaust recirculation into air intake to reduce HC emissions
c. optimized Stroke-Bore ratio to reduce particulate emissions
d. fuel lean operation when the engine starts.

References and Further Readings

1. Abd-Alla GH (2002) Using exhaust gas recirculation in internal combustion engines: a review.
Energy Convers Manag 43:1027–1042
2. Beer JM (2000) Combustion technology developments in power generation in response to
environmental challenges. Prog Energy Combust Sci 26:301–327
3. Bockhorn H (1994) Soot formation in combustion. Springer, Berlin
4. Bockhorn H, Schafer T (1994) Growth of soot particles in premixed flames by surface
reactions. In: Bockhorn H (ed) Soot formation in combustion. Springer, Heidelberg
5. Cooper CD, Alley FC (2002) Air pollution control: a design approach, 3rd edn. Waveland
Press, Long Grove
6. Feitelberg AS, Longwell JP, Sarofim AF (1993) Metal enhanced soot and PAH formation.
Combust Flame 92(3):241–253
7. Gelencser A (2004) Carbonaceous aerosol. Springer, Berlin, pp 350
8. Haynes BS, HGg Wagner (1981) Soot formation. Prog Energy Combust Sci 7(4):229–273
9. Kim HK, Kim Y, Lee SM, Ahn KY (2007) NO reduction in 0.03–0.2 MW oxy-fuel combustor
using flue gas recirculation technology. Proc Combust Inst 31:3377–3384
10. Lyngfelt A, Leckner B (1993) SO 2 capture and N 2 O reduction in a circulating fluidized-bed
boiler: influence of temperature and air staging. Fuel 72:1553–1561
11. Maly PM, Zamansky VM, Ho L, Payne R (1999) Alternative fuel reburning. Fuel 78:327–334
12. Pratapas J, Bluestein J (1994) Natural gas reburn: cost effective NO x control. Power Eng
98:47–50
13. Smoot LD, Hill SC, Xu H (1998) NO x control through reburning. Prog Energy Combust Sci
24:385–408
14. Smoot LD, Pratt DT (1979) Pulverized-coal combustion and gasification. Plenum Press,
New York
15. Soud H, Fukasawa K (1996) Developments in NO x abatement sand control. Report IEACR/
89, IEA coal research, London, UK
16. Staiger B, Unterberger S, Berger R, Hein KRG (2005) Development of an air staging
technology to reduce NO x emissions in grate fired boilers. Energy 30:1429–1438
17. US DOE (1999) Technologies for the combined control of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen
oxides emissions from coal-fired boilers. Clean coal technology, topical report 13, May 1999
18. Yrjas P, Hupa M (1997) Influence of periodically changing oxidising and reducing environment
on sulfur capture under PFBC conditions. In: Proceedings of the 14th international conference
on fluidised bed combustion, ASME, May 1997, Vancouver, pp 229–236
19. Yrjas KP, Iisa K, Hupa M (1993) Sulphur absorption capacity of different limestones and
dolomited under pressurised fluidised bed combustion conditions. In: Proceedings of the 12th
international conference on fluidised bed combustion, May 1993, San Diego. ASME, New
York, pp 265–271
20. Zelenka P, Aufinger H, Reczek W, Catellieri W (1998) Cooled EGR: a key technology for
future efficient HD Diesels. SAE paper 980190