Page 50 - Algae

General Overview 33

of chlorophyll c containing plastids from the red algal lineage is still somewhat conjectural, but
recent analyses of both gene sequences and gene content are consistent with this conclusion.
A few groups of dinoflagellates have plastids now recognized to be derived from serial
secondary endosymbiosis (the uptake of a new primary plastid-containing endosymbiont) such
as Lepidodinium spp. or tertiary endosymbiosis (the uptake of the secondary plastid-containing
endosymbiont), such as Dinophysis, Karenia, and Kryptoperidinium.
All these groups are comparatively modern organisms; indeed, the rise of dinoflagellates and
coccolithophorids approximately parallels the rise of dinosaurs, while the rise of diatoms approxi-
mates the rise of mammals in the Cenozoic. The burial and subsequent diagenesis of organic carbon
produced primarily by members of the red lineage in shallow seas in the Jurassic period provide the
source rocks for most of the petroleum reservoirs that have been exploited for the past century by
humans.

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