Page 219 - Alternative Energy Systems in Building Design

DEMAND-SIDE ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL 195

Fixture certification Manufacturers of lighting-control products are required to
certify the performance of their products with the CEC. Lighting designers and engi-
neers must assume responsibility to specify products that meet these requirements. As
a rule, inspectors and code-enforcement officials are also required to verify that the
lighting controls specified carry CEC certification. The certification requirement applies
to all lighting-control equipment and devices such as photocontrols, astronomical time
switches, and automatic controls.
Control devices are also required to have instructions for installation and startup
calibration and must be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s directives. The
control equipment and devices are required to have a visual or audio status signal that
activates on malfunction or failure.

Minimum lamp efficiency All outdoor fixtures with lamps rated over 100 W must
have either a lamp efficiency of at least 60 lm/W or be controlled by a motion sensor.
Lamp efficiencies are rated by the initial lamp lumens divided by the rated lamp power
(W) without including auxiliary devices such as ballasts.
Fixtures that operate by mercury-vapor principles and larger-wattage incandescent
lamps do not meet these efficiency requirements. On the other hand, most linear fluo-
rescent, metal halide, and high-pressure-sodium lamps have efficiencies greater than
60 lm/W and do comply with the requirements.
The minimum lamp efficiency does not apply to lighting regulated by a health or life-
safety statute, ordinance, or regulation, which includes, but is not limited to, emergency
lighting. Also excluded are fixtures used around swimming pools; water features; search-
lights or theme lighting used in theme parks, film, or live performances; temporary out-
door lighting; light-emitting diodes (LEDs); and neon and cold-cathode lighting.
Cutoff luminaries Outdoor luminaries that use lamps rated greater than 175 W in
parking lots, hardscapes, outdoor dining, and outdoor sales areas are required to be
fitted with cutoff-type baffles or filters. The luminaries used must be rated specifically
as “cutoff” in a photometric test report. A cutoff-type luminaire is defined as one in
which no more than 2.5 percent of the light output extends above the horizon 90 degrees
or above the nadir and no more than 10 percent of the light output is at or above a ver-
tical angle of 80 degrees above the nadir. The nadir is a point in the direction straight
down, as would be indicated by a plumb line. Ninety degrees above the nadir is hori-
zontal. Eighty degrees above the nadir is 10 degrees below the horizontal.

Demand-Side Energy Management
and Control

Given that climate control and water heating constitute approximately 50 percent of
the overall energy-consumption bill, energy demand management and control must be
given the most attention by the LEED design team. Some of the essential features of
a centralized energy-management and supervisory system must include