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Figure 5.11 Relationship between the temperature ratio and volumetric strain for the Fujian sand
tested by Liu et al. (2018). Redrawn after Liu, H., Xiao, Y., McCartney, J.S., Liu, H., 2018. Influence of
temperature on the volume change behavior of saturated sand. Geotechn. Test. J. 41 (4), 747 758.

5.4.4 Volumetric behaviour of coarse-grained soils caused
by one thermal cycle

Experimental results about the volumetric behaviour of coarse-grained soils subjected
to one thermal cycle have been presented, for example by Demars and Charles (1982),
Kosar (1983) and Agar et al. (1986, 1987). Complementary results have been proposed
by Ng et al. (2016), Liu et al. (2018) and Sittidumrong et al. (2019).
Based on the previous results, it is widely considered that heating coarse-grained soils
in drained conditions produces an expansive volume variation of such materials, while cool-
ing produces a contractive volume variation. Experimental evidence supporting the pre-
viousconsiderations(forthe influenceofheating)isreportedin Fig. 5.11 with reference
to the results of Liu et al. (2018). Results are depicted in terms of the relationship
between thermally induced volumetric strain, ε v , and temperature ratio, T=T 0 .
Nevertheless, available experimental evidence supports that heating coarse-grained
soils in drained conditions can also produce a contractive volume variation of such mate-
rials. Based on the arguments of Ng et al. (2017) and considering the corroborating
analyses presented by Chen et al. (2009), the reliability of the experimental results pre-
sented by Kosar (1983) and Agar et al. (1986) may be affected by boundary effects,
despite the calibration of the apparatuses made. Such boundary effects have been con-
trolled and eliminated in the experiments of Ng et al. (2016). In this context, heating
coarse-grained soils in drained conditions can produce a contractive or an expansive vol-
ume variation of such materials. Experimental evidence supporting the previous con-
siderations is reported in Fig. 5.12 with reference to the results of Ng et al. (2016).