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Functional measurements and mobility restriction (from 3D to 4D scanning) 193

are required simultaneously for complete body recording to synchronize the individ-
ual scans and display them from any angle needed. However, the purchasing price of
the whole system rises significantly with the number of sensors. Therefore the detec-
tion of movement has been limited so far to small body parts such as the feet and face.
Furthermore, it must be taken into account that the more pps recorded, the greater the
storage capacity required and the greater the effort involved in the data processing.
However, as technology advances, this hurdle is likely to be overcome quickly.
For many software developers in the field of scanning, 4-D is the next logical step
in development (Heindl et al., 2015). Research work in which 4-D body scanners were
used is so far exclusively from MPI-IS. It is concerned with the simulation of people in
motion (Guan et al., 2009, 2012). Studies on the analysis of body measurement and
proportion changes, range of movement, or mobility restrictions in clothing as a foun-
dation for clothing development and optimization still do not exist.
In addition to structured light scanners, the use of photogrammetric systems is
applicable for the four-dimensional recording of whole bodies. In photogrammetry,
images are created from different spatial positions and perspectives and calculated
using appropriate software to form a 3-D model of the desired area. So far the systems
have been used for the digitalization of people and objects in static positions (Botspot,
2019; 3Dcopysystems, 2019). According to the manufacturer, however, series record-
ings of 10 pps are possible. Moderate movements can also be depicted with this tech-
nology. This could be a solution, at least for some areas of application and fit analysis
as well as research of mobility restrictions in clothing development.
Four-dimensional technology has not yet been verified for use in body dimension
and proportion analysis as a basis for clothing design or to study mobility restrictions.
There are no methods for fit assurance with this technology yet. Four-dimensional
scanning technology is still in its infancy and can grow by being tested in a variety
of applications, such as in the clothing industry. Due to the further development of
hardware and software, it can be assumed that all systems will become much cheaper
in the medium term. Future research work will seek to gain access to this technology
for clothing development. At Hohenstein a publicly funded research project began in
2018. First, mobility restrictions will be researched with 4-D scanning (photogramme-
try) (Klepser, 2017).

7.5 Conclusion and future trends

The three-dimensional recording of people and their clothes with the help of scanning
technology allows extensive scientific analysis of body changes and the interaction
between body and textile shell. The fast recording in just seconds makes the digital
archiving of large numbers of subjects possible. Measurements can be ascertained
in a significantly higher number and multiple times, without burdening the subjects.
Body forms and measurements can be analyzed in a more differentiated manner. This
is because individual measuring sections can be subdivided into sections and the entire
geometry of the body region can be examined. Databases with 3-D scans thus form the
basis for new scientific questions.