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Sizing and fit for swimsuits and diving suits 273

the direction of the baseline in the 3D space after which the extraction of all separated
3D surfaces and transformation to 2D cutting parts is derived using the 3D flattening
method. Extracted 2D cutting parts have to be elaborated in terms of smoothing the
distribution segments, due to irregularities in the surface of the body caused by the 3D
flattening, which influences the shape and smoothness of the curves (Mahnic Naglic
et al., 2016).
The use of scanned body models for the 3D construction provides better possibil-
ities for precise adjustment of model pattern according to anthropometric character-
istics, but the construction process itself is a more complex task, Fig. 10.15. Beside
mentioned shaded areas and surface closing error, some of the biggest issues in imple-
mentation of scanned models for 3D flattening method are caused by irregular body
posture and body asymmetry. The presence of body deformations complicates process
of designing pattern segments on body model surface. Because of the irregular trian-
gulated surface, it is difficult to create regular cutting segments, especially straight
segments like orientational median line, which divides left and right body side.
Median line is created on symmetrical patterns when only one-half of the pattern is
constructed. After transformation of 3D surfaces into 2D cutting parts, the final pattern
is obtained after additional modification of pattern segments and symmetry over
median line.
Main insufficiency of parametric body models is their inability for complete adjust-
ment according to individual measurements and shape of a scanned body, which cau-
ses minor deviations in final pattern dimensions and shape in comparison with a
pattern constructed using the scanned body model. However, parametric body models
have a regular surface topology and are perfectly symmetrical, which makes the pro-
cess of design and construction on body model easier and faster. An additional advan-
tage of parametric models is the regular upstanding position in relation to basic
anatomy planes, while on scanned body model, position depends on the individual
in the capturing moment. Regular body position provides more regular segments
and surfaces of model cutting parts, Fig. 10.16.
Considering the differences in position and adjustment of the parametric body
model compared with scanned body model, cutting parts obtained by 3D flattening
method can be analyzed in terms of calculation and comparison of surfaces and seg-
ment dimensions. Minor differences in dimensions and greater in contour shape of
cutting parts can be seen by folding the contour line of patterns obtained using scanned
and adjusted parametric body model. However, comparison of determined surfaces of
particular cutting parts and calculations of total suit coverage of body surface did not
show significant differences between patterns separated from the scanned and the
parametric body model, Fig. 10.17.

10.5.3 3D simulation of 2D patterns

Cutting patterns of diving suits obtained using the 3D flattening method can be ver-
ified with 3D simulations. Simulations can be performed on adjusted parametric or
scanned body models. Simulation process includes predefining set of parameters that
are referring to positioning of particular cutting parts against the body and layers of