Page 325 - Anthropometry, Apparel Sizing and Design

318 Anthropometry, Apparel Sizing and Design

women were found to have the shortest foot length, as supported by Onuoha et al.
(2013) in their study that compared the foot dimensions between four ethnicities:
Nigerian, Malaysian, Chinese, and Indian. The results showed that Chinese have
smaller foot length compared with the rest. Onuoha et al. (2013) used traditional
anthropometric instruments including anthropometers, steel measuring tape, digital
vernier calipers, and digital height gauges.
Several studies identify foot morphology from the 1-D and 2-D measurements.
However, there are several flaws for these 1-D and 2-D measurements. It has been
noted that the taking of measurements and interpretation of certain parts of the human
body is difficult (Telfer and Woodburn, 2010; Novak et al., 2014). This has been
supported by Goonetilleke and Weerasinghe (2013) who pointed out that as far as
2-D measurement is concerned, there is a dimensional error between the
unconstrained foot and shoe that indicates the quality of fit. The use of three-
dimensional (3-D) surface scanning technologies to produce digitized representations
of parts of the human anatomy has the potential to help change the way a wide range of
products are designed and fabricated (Telfer & Woodburn, 2010). Many footwear
designers and manufacturers use an ergonomic form for their products based on
1-D or 2-D measurements, namely, two basic measurements: the length of the foot
and girth of waist (Telfer & Woodburn, 2010). Current advanced 3-D surface scanning
technologies have the potential to play an important role in the development of cus-
tomized products (Telfer and Woodburn, 2010).

12.2 3-D INFOOT scanning

In this study, 3-D INFOOT scanner has been used. There are two types of INFOOT
three-dimensional foot scanners, which are standard INFOOT scanner and high type
foot scanner. The difference between standard INFOOT scanner and the high type
INFOOT scanner is that the latter captures the upper part of the leg until calf area,
>100mm higher compared with the standard type. This machine (Fig. 12.1) was
due to the accuracy of this foot scanner, which is within 1.0mm. Additionally, it is
a portable machine, weighing only 40kg (Kouchi and Mochimaru, 2001; Lee
et al., 2013).
The advantage of this INFOOT three-dimensional foot scanner is that it can scan a
foot’s form and its anatomical landmark points, automatically measuring almost
20 measurements using landmarks. This high type INFOOT scanner has 6 lasers
points and 12 cameras to capture the upper part of the foot. To run the INFOOT scan-
ner, it must be connected to a personal computer via a USB 2.0 cable.

12.2.1 The specification of an INFOOT scanner
The scanner consists of several parts such as handrail, side cover A, side cover B, scan-
ner cover, top cover, foot cover, foot stage, and switch panel. Each part has its respec-
tive function during the scanning process (Fig. 12.2). The detailed specifications of a