Page 328 - Anthropometry, Apparel Sizing and Design

Foot morphological between ethnic groups 321

Mostly the existing of standard international shoe sizing system collecting foot
anthropometric data with direct measurement instrument is a traditional approach.
Among the techniques or devices used to collect the anthropometric measurements
or data of the foot size and shape dimensions are caliper and Harris mat print. All these
noninvasive, quantitative techniques are either categorized under 2-D type of mea-
surements. It has been noted that the taking of measurements and interpretation of cer-
tain parts of the human body is difficult (Telfer and Woodburn, 2010; Novak et al.,
2014). This has been supported by Goonetilleke and Weerasinghe (2013) who pointed
out that as far as 2-D measurement is concerned, there is a dimensional error between
the unconstrained foot and shoe that indicates the quality of fit. Since 3-D scanning
technique was found to be more precise and accurate than the manual measuring
method, Telfer and Woodburn (2010) used the three-dimensional (3-D) scanner to
measure and design the customized foot orthotics and footwear, as an anthropometric
measurement and assessment of the foot. The advantage of using the 3-D foot scanner
is that it provides an automatic measurement and a detailed picture of the contour of
the human foot.
Anthropometric characteristics of the foot in this study have been identified from
the ergonomic perspective. The detail measures for marker positions and calculated
points using a 3-D foot shape have been conducted.

12.3.2 Marker positions and calculated points
In this study, five bones’ landmark positions were chosen: tentative junction point,
sphyrion fibulare, metatarsal fibular (MF), metatarsal tibiale (MT), and sphyrion as
landmarks to paste the markers (Fig. 12.3). From the five bone positions, the scanner
will automatically detect the landmark positions and calculate the 17ft dimensions
used to determine the foot size. The 17ft dimensions, including foot length, foot
breadth, ball girth circumference, instep length, fibulare instep length, instep circum-
ference, heel breadth, height of top of ball girth, height of instep length, toe#1 angle,
toe#5 angle, height of sphyrion fibulare, height of sphyrion, angle of heel born, heel
girth circumference, calf circumference, and horizontal calf circumference
(Fig. 12.4).

12.3.3 Preparation and procedure of the used of 3-D INFOOT
scanner

Before the scanning process, participants were required to sign a voluntary consent
form with their detailed information. The form consists of details stated in the
succeeding text, based on ISO 15535 (general requirements for establishing anthro-
pometric databases):
(a) Biodata participant information (BPI)
(b) Weight and height (in centimeters)
(c) Current shoe size
(d) Comment