Page 52 - Anthropometry, Apparel Sizing and Design

48 Anthropometry, Apparel Sizing and Design

both measurements of the outlier are within the range of the mean 3 standard devi-
ations. Unfortunately, it is unknown which of the two measurements is incorrect only
from this scattergram. In this situation, choose another measurement item highly cor-
related with both iliospinal height and body height (e.g., acromial height). Draw a
scattergram using the iliospinal height and acromial height and another scattergram
using the body height and acromial height. The measurement item with the outlier
in two scattergrams has the incorrect value.

2.5 Landmarking

Landmark locations decided by measurers are used for defining anatomical correspon-
dence between individuals. Many of these landmarks are defined on specific locations
of bones or easily defined features of soft tissues such as nipples and the navel. Land-
marks and imaginary lines on the body specific to anthropometry for garment design
are defined using anatomical features and small articles such as a neck chain
(chainette). In the following sections, main lines and landmarks are described using
several manuals and ISO 8559-1 as references (Clauser et al., 1988; JIS L0111:2006;
National Institute of Bioscience and Human Technology, 1994; O’Brien and Shelton,
1941). Basically, landmark names in ISO 8559-1 are used except when it is preferable
to use names in ISO 7250-1 to make the anatomical definition clear.

2.5.1 Small articles for landmarking
Landmark locations should be marked on the skin when one landmark is used for mea-
suring several measurement items in traditional anthropometry, during the training of
anthropometry, or for body scanning. An eyeliner pencil is useful for marking the skin.
The mark can be easily removed by makeup remover, and it is easier to mark the skin
compared with an eyebrow pencil.
A neck chain is used to define the neck base line and side neck point (Fig. 2.13).
A small ruler is used to define the armpit back fold point (posterior axilla point)
(Fig. 2.15). A waist belt is used to define the natural waistline (see Fig. 2.17).

2.5.2 Posture and measurement attire

When marking landmark locations the marking must always be done for a subject in
the correct posture for the measurement. Otherwise the actual landmark location and
the mark on the skin can be very different. For example, the tip of the spinous process
of the seventh cervical vertebra can be easily palpated at the back of the base of the
neck when the subject bends his/her neck forward (Fig. 2.12B). Suppose that the tip of
the spinous process is marked in this posture. The mark on the skin slides away from
the tip of the spinous process while the subject lifts his/her head to be oriented in the
Frankfurt plane.
When a landmark is covered by a garment (e.g., trochanterion), it is desirable to
mark the skin directly rather than on the garment to avoid effects of relative movement