Page 107 - Applied Photovoltaics

(d) Would it help if the wrongly-connected cell had an integral bypass
diode?
5.5 (a) Photovoltaics are renowned for their reliability. However, over the
years, many lessons have been learned through failures in the field.
List as many of these as possible, giving examples.
(b) Discuss how similar problems have subsequently been avoided.
5.6 Explain what is meant in photovoltaics by the term nominal operating cell
temperature and why it is important for this parameter to be as low as
possible. Indicate how and why this parameter may vary with different
module designs.

REFE RE NCES
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Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 8(1), pp. 17–25.

Alsema, E.A., Frankl, P. & Kato, K. (1998), ‘Energy pay-back time of photovoltaic
systems: Present status and prospects’, Proc. Second World Conference on PV Solar
Energy Conversion, Vienna, 6–10 July, 1998.
Arai, K., Aratani, F., Ishiyama, K., Izumina, M. & Urashima, N. (2004), ‘Research
and development on recycling technology of photovoltaic power systems in Japan’,
presented at International PV-SEC 14, Bangkok, 26–30 Jan, 2004.

Czanderna, A.W. & Pern, F.J. (1996), ‘Encapsulation of PV modules using ethylene
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Solar Cells, 43, pp. 101–181.
Durand, S. (1994), ‘Attaining a 30-year photovoltaic systems lifetime: The BOS
issues’, Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 2, pp. 107–113.

Ecofys, B.V. (2004), ‘Technology fundamentals. PV module manufacturing’,
Renewable Energy World, May–June issue—Planning and Installing Photovoltaic
Systems, James & James/Earthscan, London.
Green, M.A. (1980), ‘Integrated solar cells and shunting diodes’, Australian Patent
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P30 31 907; Japanese Patent Application 114102/80.

Hammond, R., Srinivasan, D., Harris, A., Whitfield, K. & Wohlgemuth, J. (1997),
Proc. 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Anaheim, pp. 1121–1124.
IEC (1993), Crystalline silicon terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules—Design
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