Page 6 - Applied Statistics Using SPSS, STATISTICA, MATLAB and R

Contents

Preface to the Second Edition xv

Preface to the First Edition xvii

Symbols and Abbreviations xix

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Deterministic Data and Random Data.........................................................1
1.2 Population, Sample and Statistics ...............................................................5
1.3 Random Variables.......................................................................................8
1.4 Probabilities and Distributions..................................................................10
1.4.1 Discrete Variables .......................................................................10
1.4.2 Continuous Variables ..................................................................12
1.5 Beyond a Reasonable Doubt.....................................................................13
1.6 Statistical Significance and Other Significances.......................................17
1.7 Datasets.....................................................................................................19
1.8 Software Tools..........................................................................................19
1.8.1 SPSS and STATISTICA..............................................................20
1.8.2 MATLAB and R..........................................................................22

2 Presenting and Summarising the Data 29

2.1 Preliminaries .............................................................................................29
2.1.1 Reading in the Data .....................................................................29
2.1.2 Operating with the Data...............................................................34
2.2 Presenting the Data ...................................................................................39
2.2.1 Counts and Bar Graphs................................................................40
2.2.2 Frequencies and Histograms........................................................47
2.2.3 Multivariate Tables, Scatter Plots and 3D Plots ..........................52
2.2.4 Categorised Plots.........................................................................56
2.3 Summarising the Data...............................................................................58
2.3.1 Measures of Location ..................................................................58
2.3.2 Measures of Spread .....................................................................62
2.3.3 Measures of Shape.......................................................................64