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2. AI Approaches     209



























































                  FIGURE 10.2
                  Illustration of complementary approaches to develop artificial intelligence; (A) expert
                  system with sequential specification and deduction, in the form of top-down inference
                  shown here as inverted pyramid; (B) data-based, bottom-up pyramid of cognition with
                  sequential layers of abstraction and refinement.
                  Adapted from P. Taylor, J.N. Hobbs, J. Burroni, H.T. Siegelmann, The global landscape of cognition: hierarchical
                  aggregation as an organizational principle of human cortical networks and functions, Scientific Reports 5 (2015)
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