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2. AI Approaches 209
FIGURE 10.2
Illustration of complementary approaches to develop artificial intelligence; (A) expert
system with sequential specification and deduction, in the form of top-down inference
shown here as inverted pyramid; (B) data-based, bottom-up pyramid of cognition with
sequential layers of abstraction and refinement.
Adapted from P. Taylor, J.N. Hobbs, J. Burroni, H.T. Siegelmann, The global landscape of cognition: hierarchical
aggregation as an organizational principle of human cortical networks and functions, Scientific Reports 5 (2015)
18112.