Page 214 - Artificial Intelligence in the Age of Neural Networks and Brain Computing

CHAPTER

Computers Versus Brains:

Game Is Over or More to 10

Come?

Robert Kozma 1,2
1
University of Memphis, Department of Mathematics, Memphis, TN, United States ;
University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Computer Science, Amherst, MA,
United States 2

CHAPTER OUTLINE
1. Introduction .......................................................................................................205
2. AI Approaches....................................................................................................208
3. Metastability in Cognition and in Brain Dynamics.................................................210
4. Multistability in Physics and Biology...................................................................211
5. Pragmatic Implementation of Complementarity for New AI ....................................215
Acknowledgments...................................................................................................216
References .............................................................................................................216

1. INTRODUCTION
Spectacular success of AI in recent years has attracted great interest not only in the
technical community but also among the broad public [1]. The increasing power of
AI has been demonstrated by IBM Deep Blue supercomputer in 1997, which defeated
the reigning world chess champion Gary Kasparov in six matches [2]. This has been a
widely applauded breakthrough, although some skeptics remarked that Deep Blue
used brute force to defeat Kasparov, and it was not really intelligent; rather, it exer-
cised overwhelming computational power against its human counterpart. These critics
predicted that AI would not be a real match to human intelligence in the foreseeable
future in many more challenging mental tasks. However, recent events showed that AI
systems did rise to the challenge. In 2011, the IBM computer system Watson beat the
best human players in the television quiz show Jeopardy. This was followed in 2016
by the stunning win of Google’s AlphaGo over the world’s best Go player Lee Sedol
in a contest organized in Seoul, S. Korea, in accordance with the strictest world Go
competition regulations [3]. It is clear that by today’s highest standards, humans
are of no match to the best AI algorithms in chess, Go, card games like poker, and
many other challenging games and specific mental tasks.
To understand the true reason of these successes, let us remember the quest of our
greatest thinkers through millennia to understand and mimic human behavior.

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Artificial Intelligence in the Age of Neural Networks and Brain Computing. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815480-9.00010-4
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