Page 76 - Basic English Usage

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The apostrophe (’) goes in the same piace as the letters that we leave
out: has not = hasn't (NOT fesnt).
Contractions are common in informal speech and writing; they are not
used in a formal style.
Sometimes an expression can have two possible contractions. For she
had not, we can say she'd notor she hadn't; for he will not, we can say
he'll not and he won't.
In Southern British English, the forms with n't are more common in most
cases (for example she hadn't, he won't).
We do not use double contractions: -sfe-s*t is impossible.

Contractions are unstressed. When an auxiliary verb is stressed (for
example, at the end of a clause), a contraction is not possible. Compare:
You’re late. Yes, you are. (NOT -Yes;-yeure-)
I’ve forgotten. Yes, | have. (NOT -“es-#ve-)
However, negative contractions are stressed, and we can use them at
the ends of clauses.
No, you aren’t. No, you haven't.

Contractions: pronunciation and meaning
im /aim/ lam
I've /aiv/ | have
il /anl/ | will/shall
I'd /aid/ | had/would/should
you're — fjax(r)/ you are
you've — /ju:v/ you have
you'll fju:V you will
you'd fjusd/ you had/would
he’s /hizz/ he is/has
he'll /hi:l/ he will
he'd /hi:d/ he had/would
she’s fizz/ she is/has
she'll /fi:l/ she will
she'd /fi:d/ she had/would
it's /tts/ it is/has
it'll /ttl/ it will
it'd /ttad/ it had/would (not often written)
were wia(r)/ weare —
we've — /wi:v/ we have
we'll /wil/ we will/shall
we'd Mwi:d/ we had/would
they're /dea(r)/ they are
they've /deiv/ they have
they'll — /dexl/ they will
they'd /de1d/ they had/would