Page 23 - Basic Gas Chromatography
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9        of     by   gas   and,   is   move   into                   spec-            GC   oil      be   plate   the
             retention,   volumes   retention   deduced   during   the   solute   the   Vy,   but   distribu-   stationary   do:   sorb   effects   below.   mass   and   instrumentation   orange   comparable   designed   can   have   informal   with


             for   the   The   be   flows   parts:   which   by   moving   the   by   of   can   or   two   these   list   to   1-5%   analyses,   a   specially   Efficiency   an   column
             stand    can   that   two   not   amount   solute   phase,   of   the   e.g.,   of   traditional   and   typically   expect,

             S   represent   respectively.   1.5.   gas   of   through   represented   is   determined   a   in   RSDs   fast   commercial   time,   1.1.   the
             and    Figure   process   carrier   solute   the   things   mobile   sum   DISADVANTAGES   ppb   coupling;   in   a   Figure   columns   might   make
             M,   Vs       composed   volume   as   the   is   and   the   The   summarized   typical   shows   analysis   instrumentation   one
             R,   and   column   to   of   be   the   column   while   latter   sorb)   two   in   is   as   often   on-line   wL   interested   current   1.6   in   capillary   As   can
      Disadvantages      subscripts   Vy  respectively.   the   in  phase   reference   by   chromatographic   volume   total   to   seen   alternatively,   the   flows   The   bed.   to  tendency   only   are   it  when   immobile.  remain   Vr.   AND   advantages   Chromatography   minutes   resolution   and   ppm   possible   analysis,   typically   simple   been   with   all,   Figure   typical   a   using  seconds   was  evident   and   thousa






      and    the   and   stationary   described   the   of   The   3.   be   can   or,   through  journey   that   gas   of   column   solute’s   There   Vs.   phase   and   volume,   ADVANTAGES   important   typically   high   detecting   making   quantitative   samples,   relatively   always   have   them   of   seconds.   in   minutes,   80   GC   of   numbers,   hundred   exist   to
      Advantages   volume   a   stationary,   and   be   can   understanding   equation   solute   a   of   column   its   in   volume   the   in   or   on   (the   column,   the   mobile   of   flow   phase   retention   several   Gas   of   analysis,   providing   easily   Nondestructive,   accurate   small   and   Inexpensive   fastest   the   analyses   40  taking   only   in   analysis.   efficiency   plate   in   several   of   seems





      Overview:   represents   V   and  mobile,   phase  mobile   Vp  volume,   An   reexamining   elution   the   the   fills   that   pass   must   the  second,   stationary   constant   tion   in   phase   the   with   stationary   the   total   the   is   OVERVIEW:   has   GC   Advantages   Fast   *   Efficient,   *   Sensitive,   *   *   trometer   Highly   *   Requires   *   Reliable   *   *   Chromatographers   been   has   permitting   sepa













       Introduction                      Con-   and  Concepts   Wiley  John   of   &   be   also   could   constant”.   were   (2)   retention   and   represent   to   station-   the   in   GC,   In  stopping.   called   often   is   void   or  volume   volume   the   of   representing   volume,   dead   relates  equations‘,   distribution   con-   (3)   volume   small   is   pressure   the   as   An  Horvath,   C.







                                      ——>   Chromatography:   courtesy   solute   a   F.,  flow  rate,   assumed   used   be   can   sorb   not   without   peak   the   hold-up   interparticle   Vg,   and   V,   term   The   theoretical   gas  carrier   column   the   Snyder,   and   166.
                                      phase   Reproduced   of     is     does   and   the                the   through   R.   and
                   Nu                 mobile   of   M.,   J.   8.   p.   characteristic   column   X  F,   rate   flow   both   and   that   column   methane,   called   or   include   column.   the   used.   chromatographic   the   to   KcVs   pressure,   passage   L.  Karger,   131   pp.  1973,




                   thork,                  or  volume  Time   Miller,  From   1987,  York,  New   This   A.   if  the   tp,   time,   te   =   Ve   a  constant   volume  retention   solute   a  represents   through   the   or   air   by   sometimes   Vy,   interstitial   the   approved  symbols   in   phase   gas   widely   also   is   fundamental   retention  volume   +  Vu   =  Ve   under   is  column   during  expands   in   2.  Chapter   L.   B







             p-----|~¥__-                chromatogram.   Inc.,   Sons,   solute   retention   otherwise,   to   peak   straight  passes   shown   often   symbol   measure   IUPAC   mobile   recommended,   the   of   chromatographic   but   inlet,   discussed   is   this   of   Science,
                          |                &          elute              early    to   the   one                Separation
                            >                                       proportional   concept.   is   The   of   3,   topic
                                         Typical   Wiley   to   by  the   specified   serves   Other   chromatographic   the   derivation
             ae      eee                                                small   phase—it   behavior   peak.   high-pressure   This   to

                     +——  Jeubis         1.5.   John   Inc.   necessary   specified   Unless   is   same   The   air   volume,   column.   volume   not   Equation   Because   decreases.   a  “For   Introduction
                                         Fig.   trasts,   Sons,     time   the   ary   this   the   while   the   stant.   >   the
       8                                                                       an                          at
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