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columns   columns. Later,   manufacturer   continued   to   only   80%   over   be   will   are   also   in-   are   outside   applications   including   lined   with   easy   for   support   materials



                                                                packed   reports   that   each   type   have   For   used   is   soft   solid   a   Many


                                                                on  performed   packed   only   one   chromatographers   literature  early   estimated   that  different   requirements   for   each   and   steel   feet.   10   been   have   that   steel   and   conveniently   reactivity.   on  coated   inertness.

                                            Columns            was   only  accepted   columns  invented,  were   most   so   the   of  much   Today,   is   it  however,   capillary  columns.   sufficiently   are   instrumental   The   respective  systems   inlet   stainless   of   made   lengths   to   2   of   materials  alternative   polymers  (Teflon®),   aluminum   are   to   due   their   phase  liquid   is   surface   and   area   73









                                            Packed   and  Inlets   chromatography   gas   in   instruments  commercial   tubular  capillary   produced   them,   As a  columns.   result,   separations.   are   on   made   columns   of  types   chapter.  separate   a   different,   the   so   chapters.   the   of   columns  typically   are   1/4   and   inch   1/8   or   inertness,   fluorocarbon   and  Copper   recommended   not   are   SUPPORTS   s








                                                               initial   work   first   the   open   (Perkin-Elmer)   packed   column   analyses   two   in   somewhat   each   in   Packed   of  diameters   greater   nickel,   Teflon®.   or   but   packed   chosen   is

                                            5.                 All   and   when   use   packed   all   of   The   discussed   cluded   requiring   glass,   glass   bending,   SOLID   For   which








    Phases   Dekker,   (1996).   233   Delu-   and   Hawkes,   S.,   Hawkes,   S.,   Sci.   15,   Eon,   and   (1977).


    Stationary   Ed.,  Giddings,   738,   A,   Grunfeld,   S.,   and   W.,   G.,   and   Chromatogr.   L.   R.,   208   15,   (1963).




          C.   Chromatogr.   (1970).   A.,   Burns,   Miller,   J.   J.,   Snyder,   L.,   Sci.   40,   541
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          Chromatography,   Hase,   and   (1966).   6   22,   Chromatogr.   685   8,   Sci.,   (1974);  113   12,   13,   Sci.   Chong   E.,   Burns,   W.,   (1978);  223   16,   T.  Risby,   Chem,   64,   J.   E.,   D.





          in   Vuori,   E.,   Chromatogr,   J.   P.,   L.   Chromatogr.   Sci.,   Chromatogr.   (1977);   (1985);   Sci.,   (1978).   and   L.,   P.,   Anal.   Martire,   and
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          G.,   6.   Ojanpera,   L.,   and   O.,   W.   J.   119.   al.,   Sci.   J.   50,   Reinbold,   and   Y.,   Miller,
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   72    4.   MW  .   OMm™   .   DOH  .   10.   J.   185   11.   C.,   12.   13.   Li,   14.
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