Page 10 - Basic physical chemistry for the atmospheric sciences

vi Contents

3.6 Catalysis 57
3 . 7 Half-life, residence time, and renewal time 58
Exercises _61

4 Solution chemistry and aqueous equilibria 68
4 . 1 Definitions and types of solutions 68
4.2 Solution concentrations 69
4 . 3 Factors affecting solubility 70
4.4 Colligative properties 71
4.5 Aqueous solutions; electrolytes 72
4 . 6 Aqueous equilibria 73
4.7 Strong and weak electrolytes; ion-product
constant for water 78
Exercises 80

5 Acids and bases 83
5.1 Some definitions and concepts 83
5.2 The nature of H + (aq) 86
5 . 3 The B r jZlnsted-Lowry theory; conjugate acid-base pairs 86
5.4 The Lewis theory 87
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5 . 5 Strengths f acids and bases; acid-dissociation
(or ionization) constant 87
5 . 6 The pH scale 89
5 . 7 Polyprotic acids 90
5 . 8 Hydrolysis 9 1
5. 9 Buffers 93
5 1 0 Complex ions 96
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5 1 1 Mass balance and charge balance relations 97
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5 . 1 2 The pH of rainwater 98
Exercises 101
6 Oxidation-reduction reactions 1 0 4
6.1 Some definitions 1 0 4
6 . 2 Oxidation numbers 105
6 . 3 Balancing oxidation-reduction reactions 1 0 8
6.4 H a lf-reactions in electrochemical cells 1 1 5
6.5 Strengths of oxidants and reductants ; standard cell
and half-cell potentials 1 1 6
6.6 Standard cell potentials and free-energy change 1 2 4
6.7 The Nernst equation 126
6.8 Redox potentials; Eh-pH diagrams 128