Page 325 - Battery Reference Book

29/4 Sodium-sulphur secondary batteries
The structure of B-alumina itself is illustrated in lnternational Congress and Exposition, Detroit, Michigan, USA,
28 February-4 March 1983
Figure 29.2. This is a two-dimensional conductor; the Haskins, H. J., McClanahan, M. L. and Minck, R. W. (1983)
Na+ ions migrate fairly freely in conduction plates Sodium-sulfur cells for high power spacecraft batteries.
which are located between the spinel blocks and con- 18th lntersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference,
tain many more possible sodium sites than there are Orlando, Florida, USA, 21-26 August 1983, Paper No. 839239
ions to occupy them. The conductivity of ,&alumina at McClanahan, M. L. (1983) Shipping of NdS cells and batteries.
Beta Battery Workshop V, Washington, DC, USA, 18-20
350°C (100 S/m) is similar to that of molten sodium October 1983
nitrate, and reference is sometimes made to the quasi- McClanahan, M. L. (1983) Electrolyte durability from a user's
liquid behaviour of the sodium ions in order to distin- viewpoint. Beta Battery Workshop V, Washington, DC, USA,
18-20 October 1983
guish this type of electrolyte from, say, lithium iodide, McClanahan, M. L. and Minck, R. W. (1982) Durability of beta-
where a point defect model is applied, such as lat- alumina from a user's viewpoint. One Hundred Sixty-First
tice vacancies (Schottky defects) or interstitial ions Meeting of the Electrochemical Society, Montreal, Quebec,
(Frenkel defects). Canada, 9-14 May 1982
Further, more recent information on the sodium- Minck, R. W. (1982) Corrosion problems of the sodium-sulfur
battery. DOE Meeting on High Temperature Corrosion Problems
sulphur battery is given in the following references. in Battery Systems, London, 13-14 July 1982
Minck, R. W. (1983) Practical experiences with beta-alumina.
Research Assistance Task Force Meeting on Beta-Alumina for
29.1 References on sodium-sulphur Sodium-Sulfur Cells, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, 8-1 0 March
1983
batteries* Minck, R. W. (1 983) SES and EV battery performance. Beta Battefy
Workshop V, Washington, DC, USA, 18-20 October 1983
Ford Aerospace Minck, R. W. (1983) SES and EV cell performance. Beta Battery
Workshop V, Washington, DC, USA, 18-20 October 1983
Bridges, D. W., Harlow, R. A., Haskins, H. J. and Minck, R. W. Minck, R. W. (1983) The sodium-sulfur battery-applicability to
(1 983) Operational experiences with sodium-sulfur batteries EV's and AV's. Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Systems Assessment
for utility and electric vehicle applications. One Hundred Sixty- Seminar, Gainsville, Florida, USA, 15-1 6 December 1983
Fourth Meeting of the Electrochemical Society, Washington, Minck, R. W. and Halbach, C. R. (1982) Characteristics of
DC, USA, 9-14 October 1983 sodium-sulfur cells for diverse applications. Seventeenth
Crosbie, G. M., Tennenhouse, G. J., Tischer, R. P. and Wroblowa, lntersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, Los
H. S. (1 984) Electronically conducting doped chromium oxides. Angeles, California, USA, 8-1 2 August 1982, Paper No. 829 096
Journal of the American Ceramics Society, 67, 498 Sernka, R. P. (1983) Reduction of sodium-sulfur battery develop-
Gates, A. B. (1983) Status of the Ford Aerospace sodium-sulfur ment costs. Beta Battery Workshop V, Washington, DC, USA,
battery program. Eighteenth lntersociety Energy Conversion 18-20 October 1983
Engineering Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 21 -25 August Sodium-Sulfur Battery Development (1 982) Interim Report, 1
1983 March 1980 to 30 September 1981, DOE Contract No. DE-
Halbach, C. R., McClanahan, M. L. and Minck, R. W. (1983) The AM02-79Chl0012
sodium-sulfur battery. Fall Meeting of the American Chemical Wroblowa, H. S., Markovac, V., Tischer, R. P. and Crosbie, G. M.
Society, Washington, DC, USA, 28-31 August 1983 (1 984) Corrosion of materials in high-temperature sodium-sulfur
Harlow, R. A. (1983) An ovewiew of the DOWFord Aerospace/ cells. 35th Meeting of the lnternational Society of Electro-
Ford sodium-sulfur battery program. Beta Battery Workshop V, chemistry, 6 August 1984 (Extended Abstract No. A5-2)
Washington, DC, USA, 18-20 October 1983
Harlow, R. A. and McClanahan, M. L. (1982) Sodium-sulfur bat- Ford Motor Company
tery development for electric vehicle and stationary energy stor-
age applications. Thirtieth Power Sources Conference, Atlantic Crosbie, G. M., Tennenhouse, G. J., Tischer, R. P. and Wroblowa,
City, NJ, USA, 7-10 June 1982 H. (1983) Electronically conducting doped chromium oxides.
Harlow, R. A. and McClanahan, M. L. (1984) The status of the Ford Eighty-Fiffh Annual Meeting of the American Ceramic Society,
Aerospace sodium-sulfur battery development program. Power Chicago, Illinois, USA, 24-27 April 1983
Sources Conference, Cherry Hill, NJ, USA, 11 -14 June 1984 Gupta, N. K. and Tischer, R. P. (1972) Thermodynamic and physi-
Harlow, R. A,, McClanahan, M. L., Minck, R. W. andGordon, R. S. cal properties of molten sodium polysulphides and open circuit
(1 982) Status of the Ford/Ford Aerospace/DOE sodium-sulfur voltage measurements. Journal of the Electrochemical Society,
battery program. Fifth DO€ Battery and Electrochemical Con- 119,1033
tractors' Conference, Arlington, Virginia, USA, 7-9 December Mikkor, M. (1 982) Current distribution within sulfur electrodes of
1982 cylindrical sodium-sulfur cells. Seventeenth lntersociety Energy
Harlow, R. A,, McClanahan, M. L. and Minck, R. W. (1984) Conversion Engineering Conference, Los Angeles, California,
Sodium-sulfur battery development. Extended Abstracts: Sixth USA, 8-12 August 1982, Paper No. 829098
DO€ Nectrochemical Contractors Review, Washington, DC, Tischer, R. P. (1 983) Review of the chemistry of the sodium-sulfur
USA, 25-28 June 1984 battery. lnvited Symposium Presentation at the One Hundred
Haskins, H. J. and Bridges, D. W. (1982) Operation of a 100- Sixty-Third Meeting of the Electrochemical Society, San Fran-
kilowatt-hour sodium-sulfur battery. Seventeenth lntersociety cisco, California, USA, 8-13 May 1983
Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, Los Angeles, Tischer, R. P., Ed. (1983) The Sulfur Electrode. Academic Press,
California, USA, 8-12 August 1982, Paper No. 829097 New York
Haskins, H. J. and Minck, R. W. (1983) Design considerations for Tischer, R. P., Wroblowa, H. S., Crosbie, G. M. and Tennenhouse,
sodium-sulfur batteries for electric vehicles. Electric Vehicle G. J. (1 983) Ceramic oxides as container/current collector
Council EXPO, Dearborn, Michigan, USA, 4-6 October 1983 materials for the sulfur electrode. Proceedings of the Fourth
Haskins, H. J., Bridges, 0. W. and Minck, R. W. (1983) Evaluation lnternational Symposium on Molten Salts, held in conjunction
of a sodium-sulfur battery module for electric vehicles. SA€ with the One Hundred Sixty-Third Meeting of the Electrochemi-
cal Society, San Francisco, California, USA, 8-1 3 May 1983
Wroblowa, H. S. and Tischer, R. P. (1983) Carbon in sodium-
'Supplied by Ford Motor Co., Wixom, Michigan, and repro- sulfur cells. DOE Workshop on Carbon Electrochemistry, Case
duced by their kind permission. Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA, August 1983