Page 117 - Encyclopedia Of World History Vol IV

1418 berkshire encyclopedia of world history

Stringer, C. B., & McKie, R. (1996). African exodus:The origins of mod- well-known.Thus, it is appropriate to locate the roots of
ern humanity. London: Jonathan Cape. Pan-Africanism in the slave experience itself, as that ex-
Tattersall, I. (1995). The fossil trail: How we know what we think we know
about human evolution. New York: Oxford University Press. perience fostered the development of “African national-
Tattersall, I. (1998). Becoming human: Evolution and human uniqueness. ism”—an effort by slaves to resist oppression and to “bridge
New York: Harcourt Brace.
Tattersall, I., & Schwartz, J. H. (2000). Extinct humans. Boulder, CO: ethnic differences” that “proceeded from an impulse that
Westview Press. was Pan-African” (Stuckey 1987, ix).
Wenke, R. J. (1999). Patterns in prehistory: Humankind’s first three mil- Black abolitionists such as David Walker (1785–1830),
lion years. New York: Oxford University Press.
White, R. (2003). Prehistoric art:The symbolic journey of mankind. New Henry Highland Garnet (1815–1882), Maria Stewart
York: Abrams. (1803–1879), and Frederick Douglass (1817–1895) used
their interpretations of African culture and ancient his-
tory from the time of Egypt and Ethiopia to argue against
slavery. They were also all influenced by the redemptive
Paleolithic Era promise of Christianity, particularly as expressed in Bibli-

cal references to Africa such as Psalms 68:31 (AV): “Ethi-
See Foraging (Paleolithic) Era; Human Evolution— opia shall soon stretch out her hands unto God,” in
Overview; Paleoanthropology which “Ethiopia” was taken as a synonym for Africa and
African-Americans.This quotation was widely used into
the twentieth century.
Martin Delany (1812–1885), Alexander Crummell
Pan-Africanism (1819–1898), and Edward Blyden (1832–1912) were all
primarily black nationalists, though with significant dif-
an-Africanism is a political and social movement that ferences. All three actually experienced Africa: Delany
Phas historically encouraged both a political agenda of traveled to the Niger valley and Liberia while Crummell
African unity and a broad cultural orientation of black was a missionary for twenty years in Liberia before return-
identity in Africa and the African diaspora. Its ideology ing to the United States, and Blyden emigrated from St.
has roots in the early nineteenth century, while its specific Thomas in the Caribbean to live in both Liberia and Sierra
political program emerged in 1900. Leone. Delany is credited with originating the phrase in
1861,“Africa for Africans,” one of the later slogans of the
Origins and Themes Pan-African movement, though the original formulation
The roots of the Pan-African movement lie in the ideas was actually “Africa for the African race, and black men
and efforts of several key nineteenth-century intellectuals to rule them. By black men I mean, men of African
and activists from the United States and the Caribbean. descent who claim an identity with the race” (in Brotz
These individuals were responding to the oppressive in- 1992, 110), which significantly implied a key role for
stitutions of slavery, racist discrimination and segrega- African-American emigrants to help uplift Africa.
tion, and colonialism, as well as to the racial-cultural and Alexander Crummell, like Delany, was a nationalist
psychological oppression and denigration that reinforced who also supported small-scale emigration to Africa. But
these institutions. he was primarily a missionary who had very little inter-
Much recent research has demonstrated the signifi- est in or knowledge of indigenous African culture and
cance of African culture among North American blacks called for the Christianization of Africa in order to “civi-
from the time of slavery to the present, while such infor- lize” it. In contrast to Crummell, Delany was much more
mation concerning Caribbean black culture has long been secular in his approach and advocated the emigration of