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forming principles and chemical pulp processes, along Smook, G. A. (1982). Handbook for pulp and paper technologists. Mon-
with increased demand in the global market (especially treal, Canada: CPPA/TAPPI.
Stevenson, L. T. (1940). The background and economics of American
in theThirdWorld), trends in chemical pulp prices, and papermaking. New York: Harper & Brothers.
location problems are again increasing the capital Tschudin, P. F. (2002). Grundzüge der Papiergeschichte (Compendium of
Paper History, in German only). Stuttgart, Germany: Hiersemann.
needed to be a successful competitor, which in turn is
leading to the formation of big company groups with
international operations. Papers for technical use form
an increasing market.
Environmental problems have led to changes, too. Intro-
duction of new forestry principles, fiber recycling from Parliamentarianism

waste paper, heat recovery, closed water circuits, and re-
placement of aggressive chemical processes in pulping arliamentarianism as an organizing principle of a
have improved the formerly poor image of the pulp and Pgovernance structure comes from modern Britain
paper industry. Up to 60 percent of the total fiber con- and is an early variant of constitutional monarchy. It des-
sumption is covered by waste paper, thus saving forests ignates a functional, relatively free, civic framework that
from over-cutting. Modern papermaking processes are run- seeks harmony and prosperity through preventing or
ning quicker, consuming less water and energy, minimiz- managing political conflicts while endowing real power
ing pollution, and are again producing long-lasting paper. in the legislative branch, which, in turn, represents the
The electronic revolution in data processing and pri- will of the people (or, initially, the males who owned con-
vate and public communication appears not to be affect- siderable property).
ing reliance on paper and probably will not until an Parliamentarianism assured a high degree of stability
easier-to-handle, more lasting, cheaper storage medium while diminishing the ruling capacity of absolute monar-
for the memory of mankind is found. Even then paper chy. In its positive and preferred form, the expectation is
will remain a ubiquitous helper (for example, in pack- that an accountable and incumbent sovereign govern-
aging and hygiene) in daily life. ment will enjoy the expressed will of a working majority
of elected representatives. A lesser, negative option de-
Peter F.Tschudin
mands that, if a minority government exists, it will be
See also Computer; Information Societies; Libraries; supported, or at least tolerated, by the legislature, as
Media; Writing Systems and Materials demonstrated by the government’s not being defeated
in routine votes. Parliamentarianism guarantees that
authority and power is possessed and is operational at all
times, avoiding long periods of caretaker, unstable, or
Further Reading
interim regimes.
Gravell, T. L., & Miller, G. A. (1979). A catalogue of American water-
marks, 1690–1835. New York: Garland. The framework is akin to that of constitutional mon-
Gravell, T. L., & Miller, G. A. (1983). A catalogue of foreign water- archy, but with rule-based parliamentary tradition and
marks found on paper used in America, 1700–1835. New York:
Garland. unwritten political conventions as the pivot of demo-
Hills, R. L. (1988). Papermaking in Britain, 1488–1988. London: cratic life, rather than chartered documents or explicit
Athlone Press. regal prerogatives.The legal foundation of this structure
Hunter, D. (1952). Papermaking in pioneer America. Philadelphia: Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania Press. is a substitute for a written constitution, which most
Hunter, D. (1978). Papermaking:The history and technique of an ancient kings and queens opposed as it would explicitly con-
craft. New York: Dover.
Labarre, E. J. (1952). Dictionary and encyclopedia of paper and paper- strain the powers vested in their office their and public
making (2nd ed). Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger. influence. Concomitantly, parliamentarianism assured the