Page 201 - Encyclopedia Of World History Vol IV

1502 berkshire encyclopedia of world history

History must be written of, by and for the survivors. • Anonymous

withdrew from Angola without formally transferring Clarence-Smith, W. G. (1985). The third Portuguese empire, 1825–
power to any of the liberation movements that had been 1975: A study in economic imperialism. Manchester, UK: Manches-
ter University Press.
active in the country, and a long and increasingly inter- Coates,T. J. (2001). Convicts and orphans: Forced and state-sponsored col-
nationalized civil war began. Nearly 1 million people onizers in the Portuguese empire, 1550–1755. Stanford, CA: Stanford
University Press.
fled to Portugal from the former African colonies, adding
Diffie, B. W., & Winius, G. D. (1977). Foundations of the Portuguese
a refugee crisis to the already volatile domestic situation. empire, 1415–1580. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
On 28 November 1975, East Timor declared its inde- Duffy, J. (1959). Portuguese Africa. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press.
pendence but was overrun by Indonesia nine days later. Dutra, F. A., & Santos, J. C. (Eds.). (1995). The Portuguese and the
The last of the Portuguese overseas provinces, Macao Pacific. Santa Barbara: Center for Portuguese Studies, University of
California.
had lost its economic role to Hong Kong after 1842 and
Hammond, R. J. (1966). Portugal and Africa, 1815–1910: A study of
had declared its independence from China in 1849. Its uneconomic imperialism. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
neutrality during World War II made it attractive to Milward, P. (Ed.). (1994). Portuguese voyages to Asia and Japan in the
Renaissance period. Tokyo: Renaissance Institute, Sophia University.
European as well as Chinese refugees, who came in even Russell-Wood, A. J. R. (1998). The Portuguese empire, 1415–1808: A
greater numbers after the Communist takeover of China world on the move. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Sá, I. G. (1997). Quando o rico se faz pobre: Misericórdias, caridade e
in 1949. Not until 1984, under pressure from the Por-
poder no império português, 1500–1800 (When the rich become
tuguese governor, did the majority Chinese population poor: Almshouses, charity, and power in the Portuguese empire). Lis-
obtain the right to vote. Only in 1987 did China agree bon, Portugal: Comissão Nacional para as Comemorações dos Deco-
brimentos Portugueses.
to assume rule of Macao: Following the pattern estab- Subrahmanyam, S. (1993). The Portuguese empire in Asia, 1500–1700.
lished by Hong Kong two years earlier, Macao returned London: Longman.
Wheeler, D. L., & Pélissier, R. (1971). Angola. New York: Praeger.
to Chinese rule in 1999 under an agreement preserving
local autonomy for fifty years.
As the first and longest lasting of the European
empires, the Portuguese empire is notable for its lon-
gevity and for its maritime, trade-based structure.Today Postcolonial
Portuguese creole languages continue to be spoken in
Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Founded in 1996, the Analysis
Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa (CPLP)
unites eight Portuguese-speaking countries to promote ostcolonial analysis is a mode of inquiry into the
the language and to facilitate the cross-border circulation Pnature and aftereffects of European colonial rule in
of their citizens. different parts of the world.Today it has emerged as one
of the most dynamic if not controversial modes of in-
Luke Clossey
quiry to be articulated in the humanities after World War
See also Gama,Vasco da; Henry the Navigator II. Much thought in postcolonial analysis is of recent ori-
gin, having developed during the past century out of the
Further Reading confluence of traditions that are strongly anticolonial,
Albuquerque, L. (1985). Os descobrimentos Portugueses (The Portuguese highly theoretical, and interdisciplinary in their orienta-
discoveries). Lisbon, Portugal: Publicações Alfa.
Alden, D. (1996). The making of an enterprise:The Society of Jesus in Por- tions. Drawing from an eclectic range of theorists (Homi
tugal, its empire, and beyond, 1540–1750. Stanford, CA: Stanford Bhabha, Jaccques Derrida, Frantz Fanon, Michel Fou-
University Press. cault, Mohandas K. Gandhi, Antonio Gramsci, Edward
Bell, C. (1974). Portugal and the quest for the Indies. London: Constable.
Boxer, C. R. (1965). Portuguese society in the tropics:The municipal coun- Said, and Gayatri Spivak) and intellectual traditions
cils of Goa, Macao, Bahia, and Luanda, 1510–1800. Madison: Uni- (feminism, Marxism, postmodernism, and psychoanaly-
versity of Wisconsin Press.
Boxer, C. R. (1969). The Portuguese seaborne empire, 1415–1825. sis), postcolonial theory has opened new fields of inquiry
New York: A. A. Knopf. across diverse disciplines that have reframed the phe-