Page 234 - Encyclopedia Of World History Vol V

warfare, land 2011

The size of military forces can be deduced by the Baylis, J., Wirtz, J., Cohen, E., & Gray, C. (2002). Strategy in the con-
comparative approach.The Chanca chiefdom opposed temporary world: Introduction to strategic studies. Oxford, UK: Oxford
University Press.
the Inca in South America during early Inca expansion Brown, M., Coat, O., Lynn-Jones, S., & Miller, S. (1998). Theories of war
during the fifteenth century CE. The size of the Chanca and peace. Boston: MIT Press.
Davis, P. (1996). Encyclopedia of invasions and conquests. New York: W.
military force is unknown, but the population of the
W. Norton.
chiefdom can be derived from calculations of arable (fit Ferrill,A. (1985). The origins of war: From the Stone Age to Alexander the
for growing crops) land.This estimate can be compared Great. London: Thames & Hudson.
Gray, C. (1999). Modern strategy. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
to estimates for similar-sized chiefdoms for which his- Haas, J. (Ed.). (1990). The anthropology of war. Cambridge, UK: Cam-
torical records exist recording the size of military forces. bridge University Press.
Harkavy, R., & Neuman, S. (2001). Warfare in the Third World. New
Finally, comparative warfare studies can reveal the
York: Palgrave Macmillan.
importance of particular traits to developments in war- Keegan, J. (1993). A history of warfare. London: Hutchison.
fare. For instance, the lack of the horse in warfare dur- Keeley, L. H. (1996). War before civilization. Oxford, UK: Oxford Uni-
versity Press.
ing pre-Columbian times did not deter the interaction Lynn, J. (2003). Battle: A history of combat and culture. Boulder, CO:
and conflict of nomadic and sedentary cultures. The Westview Press.
Neiberg, M. S. (2001). Warfare in world history. London: Routledge.
same nomadic-sedentary warfare patterns seen in the
Rafeal, E. B. (1979). Social aspects of guerilla and anti-guerilla warfare.
Old World (Eurasia, Africa) are seen in the New World Tel Aviv, Israel: Magnes Press.
(the Americas), regardless of the presence or absence of Reyna, S., & Downs, R. (1994). Studying war: Anthropological perspec-
tives. New York: Taylor & Francis.
the horse.
The relative lack of metal weapons in the Americas
(some copper and bronze weapons, mainly in South
America, were developed) provides more interesting com-
parisons. Armies such as those of the Aztecs, Incas, and Warfare, Land
Cherokee were using Stone Age technology when Euro-
pean forces arrived. This situation provides an excellent arfare—organized conflict between armed groups
example of what Stone Age warfare really looked like in W—has been a major influence on world history,
places such as Eurasia and Africa before the coming of influencing the formation of states, balances of power,
metallurgy, the horse, and complex seafaring. The com- sociocultural institutions, and economies. Major world
parative analysis can be carried even further, with events, ideas, people, and technologies are often associ-
hypotheses about the low level of siegecraft technology in ated with war as well. Groups fight wars for political and
the pre-Columbian Americas despite large-scale fortifica- economic reasons involving access to key land resources.
tions. Siegecraft in the Old World became highly devel- Thus, land warfare is particularly important in world
oped and played an integral role in all periods of warfare history.
after the Stone Age. We can identify several major forms and patterns of
land warfare when surveying world history.These forms
Chris Howell
and patterns occurred during, chronologically, the Stone
See also Warfare, Origins of Age (which includes the foraging—also called Paleolithic
—era and the Neolithic era, c. 100,000 BCE–5000 BCE)
and the ancient, classical, medieval, early modern, and
Further Reading modern periods.To some extent, especially for the Amer-
Archer, C., Ferris, J., Herwig, H., & Travers, T. (2002). World history of icas, Africa, and the Pacific, these chronological designa-
warfare. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Art, R. & Waltz, K. (2003). The use of force: Military power and interna- tions are artificial but serve the purpose of an organized
tional politics. New York: Rowman & Littlefield. discussion here.