Page 82 - Encyclopedia Of World History Vol V

trading patterns, china seas 1859

History is the only laboratory we have
in which to test the consequences of
thought. • Etienne Gilson
(1884–1978)

lishment of the People’s Republic in 1949 that indigenous trade with Southeast Asia and Europe was channeled
shipping companies secured a substantial share of the through Hong Kong. At the same time, the Communist
market in coastal and inland transport, but never suc- government in China began the long-term process of
ceeded in entering overseas shipping. China’s lack of a reestablishing China’s lost military sea power and mer-
merchant navy was symbolic of the country’s subordinate cantile presence in the China Seas and on the world’s
position in the international economy. Another new fea- oceans.That process continues today.
ture in the early twentieth century was incipient indus-
Jürgen Osterhammel
trialization. British sugar factories in Hong Kong and
Japanese ones in colonial Taiwan exported their products See also China; Exploration, Chinese
to various countries around the China Seas. Part of their
raw sugar came from the Dutch East Indies.
Further Reading
The Fall and Rise of China’s Chaudhuri, K. N. (1985). Trade and civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An
economic history from the rise of Islam to 1750. Cambridge, UK: Cam-
Maritime Commerce bridge University Press.
The Great Depression of the 1930s along with Japanese Chaudhuri, K. N. (1990). Asia before Europe: Economy and civilization
of the Indian Ocean from the rise of Islam to 1750. Cambridge, UK:
aggression against China and the Western colonies in
Cambridge University Press.
Southeast Asia put a severe strain on the trading networks Chaudhury, S., & Morineau, M. (Eds.). (1999). Merchants, companies and
in the region. Exports of conventional commodities trade: Europe and Asia in the early modern era. Cambridge, UK: Cam-
bridge University Press.
declined sharply during the Great Depression, when Cushman, J.W. (1993). Fields from the sea: Chinese junk trade with Siam
demand fell in Asia, Europe, and the Americas. Chinese during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Ithaca, NY:
Cornell University Press.
emigration, formerly a mainstay of steam traffic in the
Deng, G. (1999). Maritime sector, institutions, and sea power of pre-
South China Sea and also between North China and modern China. Wesport, CT: Greenwood Press.
southern Manchuria, went into decline. After the Japan- Dermigny, L. (1964). La Chine et l’Occident: Le commerce à Canton au
XVIIIe siècle 1719–1833 [China and the Occident: The Canton trade
ese occupation of Manchuria in 1931, the activities of in the eighteenth century, 1719–1833] (Vols. 1–3). Paris: S.E.V.P.E.N.
Japanese shipping companies became ever more imperi- Gaastra, F. S. (1991). De geschiedenis van de VOC [The History of the
Dutch East India Company]. Leiden, Netherlands: Walburg Press.
alistic. The formation of a Japanese-dominated trading
Gardella, R. (1994). Harvesting mountains: Fujian and the China tea
sphere known as the “yen bloc” was a bid for autarky and trade, 1757–1937. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of Califor-
protected export markets. In the early 1940s, the Japan- nia Press.
Greenberg, M. (1951). British trade and the opening of China, 1800–42.
ese restructured large segments of long-distance trade Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
according to the needs of their war economy.The Pacific Guillot, C., & Lombard, D., & Ptak, R. (Eds.). (1998). From the Mediter-
ranean to the China Sea: Miscellaneous notes. Wiesbaden, Germany:
War itself was caused in part by economic factors, such
Harrassowitz.
as the United States’ petroleum embargo against Japan, Heine, I. M. (1989). China’s rise to commercial maritime power. New
put in place in July 1941, which made it clear to the York: Greenwood Press.
Lombard, D. (1990). Le carrefour javanais: Essai d’histoire globale [The
Japanese that a self-sufficient empire unaffected by the Javanese crossroads: An essay on global history] (Vols. 1–3). Paris:
world market was an impossibility. Éditions de l’École des Hautes Études en Siences Sociales.
Osterhammel, J. (1989). China und die Weltgesellschaft.Vom 18. Jahrhun-
The collapse of the Japanese empire in 1945, the Chi-
dert bis in unsere Zeit [China and the world since the eighteenth cen-
nese revolution of 1949, and the disappearance of Euro- tury]. Munich, Germany: C. H. Beck.
pean colonial rule in Southeast Asia after the end of Ptak, R. (1999). China’s seaborne trade with South and Southeast Asia
(1200–1750). Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Variorum.
World War II ruled out a return to prewar patterns of Ptak, R., & Rothermund, R. (Eds.). (1991). Emporia, commodities and
maritime commerce. Only Hong Kong survived as a first- entrepreneurs in Asian maritime trade, c. 1400–1750. Stuttgart, Ger-
many: Steiner.
rate emporium, now with a considerable industry of its
Reid, A. (1988–1993). Southeast Asia in the age of commerce, 1450–
own. A large part of the People’s Republic of China’s 1680 (Vols. 1–2). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.