Page 144 - Encyclopedia Of World History Vol III

indigenous peoples 963

A people without history is like wind on the buffalo grass. • Sioux proverb

D’Altroy,T. N. (2002). The Incas. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. land Guatemala, thousands on Pacific islands, to small
De Betanzos, J. (1996). Narrative of the Incas (R. Hamilton & D. villages on the tundra, is extremely large, they all share
Buchanan, Eds. & Trans.). Austin: University of Texas Press.
Gasparini, G., & Margolies, L. (1980). Inca architecture. Bloomington: similar characteristics. The similarities are important; in
Indiana University Press. most cases these groups have been displaced over the past
Hemming, J. (1970). The conquest of the Incas. Orlando, FL: Harcourt
Brace. centuries from their original territory or other peoples
Hyslop, J. (1984). The Inka road system. New York: Academic Press. have moved in and conquered the aboriginal inhabitants.
Hyslop, J. (1990). Inka settlement planning. Austin: University of Texas Indigenous peoples by definition do not have separate
Press.
Laurencich Minelli, L. (Ed.). (2000). The Inca world:The development of states, though they may define themselves as“nations” (in
pre-Columbian Peru, A.D. 1000–1534. Norman: University of Okla- fact, in many areas such as Canada indigenous peoples
homa Press.
Malpass, M. A. (Ed.). (1993). Provincial Inca: Archaeological and ethno- are formally known as “First Nations”) and have consid-
historical assessment of the impact of the Inca state. Iowa City: Iowa erable autonomy, as is the case with the Inuit in Canada.
University Press. Indigenous peoples also change status as regions are
Moseley, M. E. (2001). The Incas and their ancestors:The archaeology of
Peru (Rev. ed). New York: Thames and Hudson. decolonized, and move from aboriginals to citizens of
Murra, J.V. (1980). The economic organization of the Inka state. Green- nation-states where they are the majority and wield most
wich, CT: JAI Press.
Rostworowski de Diez Canseco, M. (1999). History of the Inca realm. political power.
New York: Cambridge University Press.
Rowe, J. H. (1946). Inca culture at the time of the Spanish conquest. In Periodization
J. Steward (Ed.), Handbook of South American Indians (Vol. 2, pp.
183–330).Washington, DC: United States Bureau of American Eth- In a sense, there always has been a conquest of aborig-
nology Bulletin. inal peoples that goes back before the dawn of history;
it might for example explain the disappearance of Nean-
derthal man. However, it is possible to define four prin-
Indigenous cipal periods in the history of indigenous peoples

throughout the world. The first period is one of slow
Peoples progression of the domination over indigenous peoples
through conquest and colonization.This process began
ll peoples are in a sense indigenous peoples, since with the formation of agricultural societies and the cre-
Athey come from somewhere. The term indigenous ation of the first states, about 7,000 years ago. Agricul-
peoples has referred to those people who have become tural societies, because of the food surplus they were
minorities within their own territories as a result of the able to generate compared to foraging and nomadic soci-
expansion of technologically more advanced peoples. eties, slowly but surely replaced these indigenous peo-
This process of creating indigenous peoples accelerated ples at a relatively constant pace.At times, nomadic peo-
in the past five centuries, though it is a process as old as ples invaded agricultural societies but were eventually
the advent of agricultural societies. Today, the major absorbed, for example in the Aryan invasions of India in
groups of indigenous peoples are the Amerindians of the the 1200s BCE or the Mongol invasions of Russia, the
Americas, the aborigines of Australia and Oceania Middle East, and China in the 1200s CE.However,even-
(including peoples in Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, tually agricultural societies won out and were most fre-
and Hawaii), the Eskimo and Siberian peoples in the far quently the aggressors, illustrated by the slow expansion
northern hemisphere, the Taiwanese, and the Ainu in of the Cossacks at the expense of Siberian peoples be-
Japan. It is possible that soon other peoples, such as ginning in the 1400s CE or the colonization of southern
Tibetan and Turkic peoples in China, will be considered Africa by Bantu agriculturalists from the first century C.E.
indigenous peoples, but they will not be treated here. to the 1500s.
Although the diversity of indigenous peoples, ranging The process accelerated considerably in the 1500s
from tiny groups in the tropical Amazon,millions in high- with the conquest of the Americas and the Philippines by