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11.3 KIDNEY-INSPIRED ALGORITHM 271

from these, complexity and algorithmic parameters have always been important factors for any method.
According to “No free lunch theorem,” no algorithm will solve all the problems and will be suitable for
all environments. Keeping this in view, this paper focuses on a novel method of clustering with the
integration of two efficient techniques: FCM and a recently developed KA. It is a novel and initial
attempt of hybridizing both to achieve efficient results. The remaining parts of this paper are segregated
into the following parts: Section 11.2 describes the biological structure and inspiration of the KA.
Section 11.3 elaborates on details of the KA. A few important outcomes from past studies and literature
using KA are highlighted in Section 11.4. Section 11.5 proposes the hybrid FCM and KA method. Ex-
perimental set-up and results analysis are explained in Section 11.6. Finally, Section 11.7 concludes the
work with future directions.

11.2 BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEY
The kidney is a major organ that is part of the urinary system in the human body. They usually clean
blood and remove surplus waste and water through the urine. They also balance the quantity of ions in
the blood. The nephron is the main efficient element in the kidney. Each kidney consists of more than a
million nephrons. Every nephron has a sifting system made up of a glomerulus and a tubule, through
which the cleaned fluid passes. Formation of the urine begins in the glomerular tubes. In the glomerular
capillaries, the dissolved materials are absorbed into the tubule as a result of the strength of blood pres-
sure (BP) and the force in the Bowman’s capsule, which is a thin membrane having same composition
like blood plasma. The kidney’s tubule is responsible for reabsorption as well as secretion. Reabsorp-
tion is the process of transporting solutes from the tubules and adding them back to the bloodstream.
The procedure of moving solutes into the renal tubule for excretion into the urine is known as the
secretion process. Elements such as hydrogen ions are able to be eliminated in the process of secretion.
The kidney process can be summarized in the following four steps:

• Filtration: transferring water and solutes from blood to the tubule.
• Reabsorption: used to transport useful solutes and water from the tubule back into on the
bloodstream.
• Secretion: transporting surplus and harmful material into the tubular from the blood.
• Excretion: production of the urine.
By following this repetitive process, the damaging and surplus substances that form the urine, are re-
moved from the bloodstream.

11.3 KIDNEY-INSPIRED ALGORITHM
The projected KA is a population-based technique, so it has some individuality in common with other
population-inspired algorithms. Moreover, it reproduces a number of the measures in the biological
structure of the kidney. The four main mechanisms [24] of the kidney process are used in this algorithm.