Page 78 - Bio Engineering Approaches to Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment

76 CHAPTER 4 Immunotherapy

FIGURE 4.2 Identification of the antibodies by immune system cells.

Cell surface differentiation antigens are a different group of glycoproteins and
carbohydrates that can be seen at the surface of normal and tumor cells. The anti-
gens that participate in signaling for growth and differentiation are often growth
factors and growth factor receptors. For example, CEA2, epidermal growth factor
receptor (EGFR; also known as ERBB1), ERBB2 (also known as HER2), ERBB3,
MET (also known as HGFR), insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R), eph-
rin receptor A3 (EPHA3), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing
ligand receptor 1 (TRAILR1; also known as TNFRSF10A), TRAILR2 (also known
as TNFRSF10B) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL; also
known as TNFSF11) are growth factors that targeted by antibodies in the treatment
of patients with cancer. And the antigens involved in angiogenesis are usually pro-
teins or growth factors such as: vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF
receptor (VEGFR), integrin αVβ and integrin α5β1 [15]. For example, regarding
the use of antibodies to target a specific antigen in patient with cancer, Patel et al.
have used Cetuximab associated poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles to target
epidermal growth factor receptor which extremely expressed in nonsmall lung can-
cer cells [16]. And in another example in 2018, Carolin Offenhäuser et al. in a study
conducted in vitro and then in an animal model of mice, have shown that target-
ing EphA3 using antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) and radioimmunotherapy (RIT)