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References 245

eliminating the intermediate separation entirely and in some cases will be linked
to neighboring chemical reaction steps [32, 46, 47].

10.8
Concluding Remarks
The development of multienzyme processes and the associated technology rep-
resents an exciting scientific and engineering endeavor for the future. New
challenges are raised in terms of process selection (process synthesis) along-
side protein engineering, genetic engineering, and biocatalyst ‘‘pretreatment.’’
Likewise opportunities for new products and also new routes to existing products
will be forthcoming. Indeed whole new areas of research will be opened by the
opportunities discussed (e.g., recovery and recycle of delicate permeabilized and
washed cells). Process design will need to incorporate the extra elements of biocat-
alyst integration and biocatalyst format (which has developed so much in recent
years), alongside combinations of reactor configuration and operation to afford
maximum flexibility and optimization. There is also a need for further definition of
more standardized processes and a deeper understanding of the interface between
the biocatalytic steps and the neighboring chemical steps, because for now the
majority of complex multistep syntheses will contain both types of catalysis. In the
longer term, the foundation will be built for wholly biocatalytic syntheses, using
the same principles described here.

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