Page 154 - Biofuels Refining and Performance

Raw Materials to Produce Low-Cost Biodiesel 137

Figure 4.23 Shorea robusta Gaertn.
f. (Photo courtesy of Dr. Mike Kuhns
[http://extension.usu.edu/forestry/
UtahForests/TreeID/Assets/
Images/sal-1.3.jpg].)

cocoa butter in the manufacture of chocolates. It is suitable for soap
making after blending with other softer oils. The oil cakes that remain
after oil extraction contain 10–12% protein and about 50% starch, and
are used as cattle and poultry feed. However, the oil cake contains
5–14% tannin; consequently, not more than 20% is concentrated for
cattle without detrimental effects. As the protein remains completely
undigested, the oil cake yields energy only. Sal resin is burned as
incense in Hindu ceremonies. It is also used for varnishes, for hard-
ening softer waxes for use in the manufacture of shoe polishes, and as
cementing material for plywood, asbestos sheets, and so forth. The
resin is used in an indigenous system of medicine as an astringent and
detergent [184]. No references about its use as a biodiesel source have
been found so far.

4.6.6 Tung oil
Crop description. Aleurites fordii (Vernicia fordii) and A. montana—
commonly known as the tung tree, Chinese wood, Abrasin, and Mu (see
Fig. 4.24)—belong to the family Euphorbiaceae and grow well in cold cli-
mates, but will survive in subtropical conditions (A. fordii). A. montana
prefers a tropical climate. Major producers are China, Argentina,
Paraguay, Brazil, and the United States. The nut of this deciduous tree
contains an oil-rich kernel. The oil content of the air-dried fruit lies
between 15% and 20% [77]. Major fatty acid composition of oil includes