Page 41 - Biofuels for a More Sustainable Future

Biofuel transitions 35

Fourth, specific targets regarding fuels are limited to GHG emissions
reduction criteria. For instance, advanced fuels are defined as renewable fuels
(excluded ethanol derived from corn starch) when their lifecycle GHG
emissions achieve at least 50% reduction compared to the baseline lifecycle
emissions. The cellulosic biofuels are defined as “renewable fuel derived
from any cellulose, hemicellulose, or lignin that is derived from renewable
biomass” when their lifecycle GHG emissions achieve at least 60% reduction
compared to the baseline lifecycle emissions. The biomass-based diesel is
defined as biodiesel with at least 50% less lifecycle GHG emissions than
the baseline lifecycle emissions.
A fifth criterion stems from the regulation providing that: “in the case of
any such renewable fuel produced from new facilities that commence con-
struction after December 19, 2007, achieves at least a 20 percent reduction in
lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions compared to baseline lifecycle green-
house gas emissions.”
The amount of ethanol in traditional fuel should not exceed 10% but
could be up to 15% when used in model year 2001 and newer light-duty
13
motor vehicles (that means petrol, e.g., E10 and E15). According to
ASTM D975 standard, conventional diesel fuels should contain up to
14
5% of biodiesel to be named simply “diesel”; however, there is possibility
to register fuels with any amount of biodiesel up to 100%. 15

13
Regulation to Mitigate the Misfueling of Vehicles and Engines with Gasoline Containing
Greater Than 10 Volume Percent Ethanol and Modifications to the Reformulated and
Conventional Gasoline Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, https://www.
gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-07-25/pdf/2011-16459.pdf (accessed 27 IX 2018).
14
US Department of Energy, https://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/biodiesel_blends.html
(accessed 1 October 2018).
15
Environmental Protection Agency, https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/P1001SRG.
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(accessed 1 October 2018).